Instructional Aids

The instruction process is a communication process wherein knowledge, information and skills flow from the teacher on the one end to the student on the other and viceversa. The success of any instructional activity, we could say then, depends on how best communication takes place between the teacher and the student. To facilitate the communication process, we take recourse to different kinds of lecturing skills, organize interaction sessions and make use of a number of teaching aids like chart, map, video, computer, etc.

$ &"""&& 1.To provide a basis for more effective perceptual & ! and conceptual learning '$ &" 2.To initiate and sustain attention and personal ! ($ &##" ! involvement of the students in learning ! 3.To provide concreteness, realism, and life likeness )$ !"& *$ !!" in the teaching-learning situation "& +$ !& ,$ 4.To bring the remote events of either space or time && into the classroom " "&"! 5. To bring the meaningfulness of abstract concepts $ 6.To gain practical skills

GRAPHIC AIDS
Cartoons Charts Diagrams Flashcards Pictures Posters Printed Materials /Handouts

DISPLAY BOARDS

3D AIDS
Models Mock-ups Moulage Specimen/ Objects

Blackboard Bulletin board Flannel board

A rigid surface painted green or black, on which one can write or draw with chalk

Inexpensive, can be home made, easily maintained, minimum preparation needed

Transport can be difficult; limited to users artistic ability

It is a surface at least 1.5 x 2 meters Stick pins can be placed Drawings, photos and lettering can be displayed on the board

Excellent way to use actual materials in a real situation Uses local materials Easy to understand by people not used to look at illustration Good way to get audience participation

Takes a lot of preplanning and preparation

A piece of flannel, terry cloth or felt cloth attached to a rigid surface on which cut out figures will adhere if backed with flannel or felt cloth, sand papers or glued sand. Standard size is 1.5x1.5 meters

Permits numerous and varied arrangements of visual materials. Is appealing, because the audience is fascinated in watching the steps in the presentation. Permits the development of a complete story. Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material. Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the material in the first place. Challenges one to develop symbols to portray such things as abstractions.

Materials can be packed and transported. Permits use of various colors, which may be used for specific purposes. Materials can be left on board after meeting closes for those who wish more complete notes. Is effective because it permits two techniques for delivering a message, word of mouthsound and symbols or pictures-sight.

Easier to construct materials for flannel board than to make slides or movies. Speaker works in front of his audience in well-lighted surroundings. Chronological development of ideas on board promotes ease in note taking. After symbols are developed they can quite easily be used in constructing attractive designs.

Transportation and storing of boards and materials is a problem. Suitable tables to support boards must be available. Time and cost of making material for presentation present a problem. Cost of boards themselves can't be overlooked. Presentation is limited a new idea involves a lapse of time before the new material can be added.

Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques when it is evident that other methods might be more appropriate. To tell a complete story it often takes either too much board space Or smaller designs and materials some of which cannot be seen well. Requires considerable ingenuity and imagination to construct effective varied materials. Materials must be attractively prepared

GRAPHIC AIDS
Cartoons Charts Diagrams Flashcards Pictures Posters Printed Materials /Handouts

DISPLAY BOARDS

3D AIDS
Models Mock-ups Moulage Specimen/ Objects

Blackboard Bulletin board Flannel board

Models are used for demonstrating the three dimensional representation of real things or abstract things. They can be used in a wide range of instructional situations. Specific purposes: a as visual support material in instruction; a as objects for study or manipulation in individualized learning; a as construction project for individuals, small groups or even the entire class.

Scale Model Simplified Models

Animal, birds, fish

Cross-sectional Models
Cross-section of blood vessels, skin layers,

etc

Working Model
Fetal circulation

Some of the advantages of using a model for classroom instruction are as follows: They can reduce very large objects to a size that can be conveniently observed and handled by you as well as the students. They can be used to demonstrate the interior structures of objects or systems with clarity that is often not possible with two dimensional representations They can be used to represent a highly complex situation or process in simplified way that can easily be understood by learners. This can be done by concentrating only on essential features, eliminating all the complex and often confusing details that are so often present in real life system.

Devices which are imitations of real things without involving similarity of appearance The non-functioning parts that are unnecessary for understanding operational functions are being omitted

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and workability Certain elements of the original reality are emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction E.g.: an artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis

Can be made of plastic material to stimulate some life objects

E.g.: Body which shows evidence of

trauma, infection, disease, and surgical intervention

Specimens are real objects taken from the natural setting. It is simple that shows quality or structure Objects are brought into natural setting in the classroom to supply the type of sensory experience that will make instruction more meaningful, vivid and impressive They make appeal to the senses
E.g.: splints, forceps, thermometer, etc.

Film or Motion Pictures Epidiascope Overhead Projector

Advantages

A film has movement. It can show processes, methods and procedure It is three dimensional in its impact It can create the impression of space and time The sound track of the film lends realism to the visual image in the form of genuine sound impressions

Disadvantages

There is complete exclusion of the teacher from the presentation The machinery of presentation is cumbersome and not easily adapted to average classroom Expensive in terms of preparation and projection

Advantages
Has the ability to compel attention It keeps the initiative of selection of material, and pace of presentation in the teachers hand The preparation of material is simple and its preview for the purpose of the lesson presents no difficulty The nature of material makes additions, amendments, alter action and substitution easy Material can always be up to date

The hardware part is the instrument - the Overhead Projector. Today it is considered the most convenient tool in the hands of teachers. It has several added advantages over other visual teaching aids and specially over chalkboard or blackboard.

Advantages

It facilitates two-way communication

While writing on the chalkboard, a teacher loses his/her eye

It is a time-saving device

contact with the students, but when visuals are shown, the student can still be faced. In this way the teacher can observe the reactions of the students about higher teaching process. This also helps the students to interact simultaneously with the teaching.
thus saving a lot of time that is spent on writing on the chalkboard. Here, the materials can be prepared before hand and arranged in the right order. Thus, teaching becomes tension-free as the teacher devotes more time on discussion than on lecturing and writing on the chalkboard.

Visual materials can be prepared before coming to the class,

Advantages

It is very easy to handle

For using and handling the OHP, one does not require any

No darkened room necessary

expertise. If any replacement is required, it is the electric bulb, and everyone knows how to replace a fused electric bulb.

Its visual. materials do not require any darkroom for

It is easy to transport

devloping or for projection. Thus students can take down notes throughout the lesson.
It is comparatively a light weight instrument which is

portable from one room to another.

 Powerpoint

Presentation Multi-media Technology

Virtual

Laboratory

Power Point presentations can be an effective teaching tool. Teachers can display notes, pictures, sounds, and videos in a readable and easy to manipulate format.

But, like any technology, if it isnt used properly it can become a liability. Teachers can become so blinded by all that they can put into their presentation that they forget to make their lesson interactive as well. Power Point presentations become lectures with students passively watching the slide show. Students and teachers can become so focused on the technology that they forget to interact with each other.

LEARNER C O N T E N T
PASSIVE ACTIVE

CONTOLLED

Lecture

Simulation

RANDOM

Journal Clinical Skimming Instruction

The simulated environment can promote the role of the teacher as active participant and role model Clinical situations may be repeated as desired The teacher an act initially as a role model by demonstrating a procedure or decisionmaking process, then allow the student to practice in an identical or similar situation

It overcomes the prohibitive costs of laboratory or field-work based experiments. e.g. providing variety of acids with different densities in a lab for one single experiment. The time normally demanded by an experiment can be shortened. Dangerous experiments cab be experienced,in safety, e.g. increasing proportion of pollutants in the environment to see the consequences. Experiment, which would normally be impractical, can be attempted e.g. creation of civilization on a different planet. The level of complexity can be increased slowly. Variables can be added at every stage.

First virtual lab in the Philippines

 The role of technology in

todays world cannot be overemphasized. With the recent technological discoveries and advancements taking place by the nanosecond, the information highway, via the Internet, has really expanded and is widely traversed by people from all nations and inclinations.

Web-based instruction is a distance education tool. Applying the internet as an educational delivery system is the newest and most controlled versial innovation in distance education Instructor Web pages links to course-related material may be created by a novice computer user with a specialized software.

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