Radiationisaprocessinwhichenergeticparticlesor energyorwavestravelthroughamediumorspace.There aretwodistincttypesofradiation;ionizingandnonionizing.Thewordradiationiscommonlyusedin referencetoionizingradiationonly(i.e.,havingsufficient energytoionizeanatom),butitmayalsorefertononionizingradiation(e.g.,radiowavesorvisiblelight).The energyradiates(i.e.,travelsoutwardinstraightlinesinall directions)fromitssource.Thisgeometrynaturallyleads toasystemofmeasurementsandphysicalunitsthatare equallyapplicabletoalltypesofradiation.Bothionizing andnon-ionizingradiationcanbeharmfultoorganisms andcanresultinchangestothenaturalenvironment.The unitusedtomeasureradiationdosageistherem,which standsforroentgenequivalentinman.Itrepresentsthe amountofradiationneededtoproduceaparticularamount ofdamagetolivingtissue.

Thetotaldoseofrems determineshowmuchharmapersonsuffers.

Ionizing radiation
Radiation with sufficiently highenergy canionizeatoms. Most often, this occurs when an electron is stripped (or 'knocked out') from an electron shell, which leaves the atom with a net positive charge. Becausecellsand more importantly the DNA can be damaged, this ionization can result in an increased chance ofcancer. Roughly speaking photons and particles with energies above a few electron volts (eV) are ionizing.Alpha particles, beta particles,gamma rays,X-ray radiation, andneutronsmay all carry energy high enough to ionize atoms. This energy is usually higher than about two electron volts (eV).

The energy of non-ionizing radiation is less and instead of producing charged ions when passing through matter, the electromagnetic radiation has only sufficient energy to change the rotational, vibrational or electronic valence configurations of molecules and atoms. The effect of non-ionizing forms of radiation on living tissue has only recently been studied. Nevertheless, different biological effects are observed for different types of non-ionizing

NON-IONIZING RADIATION

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

During the final stages ofWorld War II in 1945, the United States conducted twoatomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasakiin Japan, the first on August 6, 1945 and the second on August 9, 1945. These two events are the only use of nuclear weaponsin war to date.[2] For six months before the atomic bombings, the United States intensely fire-bombed67 Japanese cities. Together with the United Kingdom and theRepublic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in thePotsdam Declarationon July 26, 1945. The Japanese government ignoredthis ultimatum. By executive orderof President Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped the nuclear weapon"Little Boy" on the city

Although a dose of just 25 rems causes some detectable changes in blood, doses to near 100 rems usually have no immediate harmful effects. Doses above 100 rems cause the first signs of radiation sickness including: Nausea Vomiting Headache

 In time, for survivors, diseases such as leukemia (cancer of the blood), lung cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and cancers of other organs can appear due to the radiation received.Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause acute radiation Doses of 300 rems or more cause temporary hair loss, but also more significant internal harm, including damage to nerve cells and the cells that line the digestive tract. Severe loss of white blood cells, which are the body's main defense against infection, makes radiation victims highly vulnerable to disease. Radiation also reduces production of blood platelets, which aid blood clotting, so victims of radiation sickness are also vulnerable to hemorrhaging. Half of all people exposed to 450 rems die, and doses of 800 rems or more are always fatal. Besides the symptoms mentioned above, these people also suffer from fever and diarrhea. As of yet, there is no effective treatment-so death occurs within two to fourteen days.syndrome, or radiation poisoning, resulting in substantial damage to human body tissues, premature aging and possibly death. Prolonged exposure to lower levels is also associated with increased risk of ill health.

In Medicine
Radiation and radioactive substances are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, pass through muscles and other soft tissue but are stopped by dense materials. This property of X-rays enables doctors to find broken bones and to locate cancers that might be growing in the body. Doctors also find certain diseases by injecting a radioactive substance and monitoring the radiation given off as the substance moves through the body. Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions in the cells of the tissues it passes through as it dislodges electrons from atoms. This can kill cells or change genes so the cells cannot grow. Other forms of radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, and light waves are called non-ionizing. They don't have as much energy and are not able to ionize cells.

 In Communication All modern communication systems use forms of electromagnetic radiation. Variations in the intensity of the radiation represent changes in the sound, pictures, or other information being transmitted. In Science Researchers use radioactive atoms to determine the age of materials that were once part of a living organism. The age of such materials can be estimated by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon they contain in a process called radiocarbon dating. Environmental scientists use radioactive atoms known astracer atomsto identify the pathways taken by pollutants through the environment. Radiation is used to determine the composition of materials in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, scientists bombard a sample of a substance with particles calledneutrons. Some of the atoms in the sample absorb neutrons and become radioactive. The scientists can identify the elements in the

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has cautioned people to protect themselves against UV light 'whenever you can see your shadow'. Some of the common preventive measures that need to be followed are:

Avoid overexposure to sunlight especially between 10 am to 4 pm when theUVraysare at their strongest. If exposed to the sun, make sure to be adequately protected by wearing the appropriateclothingand protective covering like hats. Make sure to protect your eyes from overexposure by wearing suitable sunglasses. The strength of UV rays can vary from the time of day or season. In certain countries one can check the local UV index before going outdoors to protect against too much sun's UV radiation. The Scale is reported from 1 to 15.

Inphysics,radiationis a process in whichenergetic particles or energy or waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types ofradiation;ionizingand non-ionizing. The wordradiationis commonly used in reference to ionizing radiation only (i.e., having sufficient energy to ionize an atom), but it may also refer to non-ionizing radiation (e.g., radio wavesorvisible light). The energyradiates(i.e., travels outward in straight lines in all directions) from its source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are equally applicable to all types of radiation. Both ionizing

I would like to express my gratitude towards my teacher for giving me such an interesting project to work on.This has been a real learning and informative experience.Through this project I learnt the various

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