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CHAPTER OUTLINE
Definition of R&D
Definition of R&D
Any creative systematic activity done in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.
dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, termasuk pengetahuan manusia, budaya dan masyarakat, dan menggunakan pengetahuan ini untuk mencipta aplikasi baru
effort.
Previously, individual efforts of inventors and
trial & error approaches were dominant modes used to develop technology.
Nowadays, complex organizations involving
many employees have been established to conduct R&D activities & scientific approaches to problem solving has been widely utilized.
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support all aspects of the companys technology, from pure research to development, to maintaining and embracing existing business.
Idea
R&D
Manufacturing
Marketing
Commercial Product
response
MARKET PULL
Categories of R&D
Basically R&D can be categorized into
3 major types:
Basic research Applied research Development
Basic research
To gain fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject
under study
No specific practical aim or application and commercial
objectives
Involves the creation of new knowledge; fundamentally
risky
Advances scientific knowledge Essential for new discoveries and the growth of
knowledge
Can either be pure or oriented
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Applied Research
Utilize the new knowledge developed by the basic
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Development
Systematic use of knowledge or understanding
processes
Includes the design & development of new or
improved sciences
More of engineering rather than science
Examples of Development
a) Roof solar, solar modules, solar water heater, solar car etc.
b) Scan machine
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Technology enhancement
Continuous effort by scientist & engineers to
technology, lengthen the technology life cycle & foster incremental innovations.
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R&D needs
Jain & Triandis (1990) proposed the following
R&D needs:
Normative needs Comparative needs
Forecast needs
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R&D needs
Normative needs
Research is directed toward satisfying the needs of the user, the user being primary or follow-on beneficiary of the research product.
Comparative needs
Research is driven by the forecast of changes in technology, products, consumer behaviour or new regulations.
Forecast needs
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of technology.
The R&D unit established must be clear on the
organizations specific goals and objectives; as well as its technology portfolio, products and internal processes. strong background in the field related to the organizations technology portfolio.
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HRM in R&D
Special attention must be given to these issues:
The effects of technological change on the skill
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entrepreneurs
Social consequences of technological change
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R&D as OH expense
Management considers R&D as a necessary cost of
the business.
Suitable for projects directed toward knowledge
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R&D as investment
Funds are allocated to R&D on the basis of the
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Exploratory research
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Problems in R&D
Scientists becoming managers
Inappropriate organizational structures Business oriented research: Scientists as salesmen De-emphasis on long-term research Failure to transfer research Increasing financial pressures Frequency of meetings
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References
Tarek Khalil, 2000. Management of Technology: The key to competitiveness and wealth creation, McGraw-Hill International Edition, Singapore. Harrison, N. and Samson, D.,2002. Technology Management: Text and International Cases, McGraw-Hill Irwin, US.
Betz, F., 2003. Managing Technological Innovation: competitive advantage from change, John Wiley & Sons, US.
Betz, F., 1987. Managing Technology: Competing Through New Ventures, Innovations, and Corporate Research, Prentice-Hall, US
White, M.A. & Bruton, G.D. (2007). The management of technology and innovation: A strategic approach, Thomson South-Western, US.
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