Classification of Materials Solid materials have been grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers.

. Metals Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Al, etc.). They have large numbers of nonlocalized Electrons.

Ceramics Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements. They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides (SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, BN, SiC, WC, etc.). Traditional Ceramics. (Cement, Tile) Advanced Ceramics Structural Ceramics : Engine parts, Abrasive, High temperature strength, etc.. Electronic Ceramics : Semiconductor, superconductor, Insulator,

Polymers Polymers are normally organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements and they have very large molecular structure consisting of many mers.

STRUKTUR ZAT PADAT

A. Lattice, Basis, and Unit Cell

An ideal crystalline solid is an infinite repetition of identical structural units in space. The repeated unit may be a single atom or a group of atoms.
An important concept: = lattice crystal structure + basis

Example: a 2-D lattice

These two choices of lattice vectors illustrate two types of unit cells:

b b a

Conventional (crystallographic) unit cell: larger than primitive cell; chosen to display high symmetry unit cell

Primitive unit cell: has minimum volume and contains only one lattice point

A lattice translation vector connects two points in the lattice that have identical symmetry:

r = n1a + n2 b + n3c

n1 n2 n3 integers

In our 2-D lattice:

a +b a

a + 2b

B. Common Crystal Structures

2-D 3-D only 5 distinct point lattices that can fill all space only 14 distinct point lattices (Bravais lattices)

The 14 Bravais lattices can be subdivided into 7 different crystal classes, based on our choice of conventional unit cells (see text, handout). Attaching a basis of atoms to each lattice point introduces new types of symmetry (reflection, rotation, inversion, etc.) based on the arrangement of the basis atoms. When each of these point groups is combined with the 14 possible Bravais lattices, there are a total of 230 different possible space groups in 3-D. We will focus on the few that are common for metals, semiconductors, and simple compounds.

14 KISI BRAVAIS

CsCl Structure

1.2 UNSUR SIMETRI

Pada Kisi berlaku operasi simetri (operasi yang jika dikenakan pada kisi, akan menghasilkan keadaan baru yang tidak berbeda dengan keadaan sebelumnya, sehingga berlaku: a) Simetri Translasi :jika kisi digeser pada jarak tertentu, bentuknya akan sama Persamaannya: Rn = n1a + n2b ( dua dimensi)

Rn = n1a + n2b + n3c( tiga dimensi)

c b a a b

b)Simetri Inversi(terjadi karena ada pusat invers).Sel satuannya punya pusat inversi (jika ada titik yang apabila dikenai transformasi secara matematik r -r, maka unit selnya akan tetap sama. Jika masing-masing mempunyai vektor kisi Rn = n1a + n2b + n3c, maka inversinya -Rn = -n1a - n2b - n3c c) Simetri Refleksi (karena ada bidang refleksi). Bidang ini seperti cermin datar, sehingga bayangan yang terjadi sama dengan bendanya, contoh: dua bidang refleksi pada kubus

d) Simetri Rotasi (karena ada sumbu rotasi) memenuhi simetri rotasi jika sel satuan diputar mengelilingi sudut tertentu maka selnya tetap sama.

Family of Symmetry Related Directions

[001] Identical atomic density Identical properties

[100]

[010]

[010] [100] z y x [001]

100

1 0 0

= [ 1 0 0 ] and all other directions related to [ 1 0 0 ] by symmetry

C. Miller Indices for Crystal Directions & Planes

Because crystals are usually anisotropic (their properties differ along different directions) it is useful to regard a crystalline solid as a collection of parallel planes of atoms. Crystallographers and CM physicists use a shorthand notation (Miller indices) to refer to such planes. z
1. Determine intercepts (x, y, z) of the plane with the coordinate axes

z=3 y=2 y x=1

Miller Indices for planes

1. Select an origin not on the plane

(0,0,1)

2. select a crystallographic coordinate system 3. Find intercepts along axes 2 3 1 y 4. Take reciprocal 1/2 1/3 1

(0,3,0)

(2,0,0)

5. Convert to smallest integers in the same ratio : 3 2 6 6. Enclose in parenthesis : (326)

Miller Indices for planes (contd.)

E A

Plane origin

ABCD O

OCBE O* 1 -1

B y O

intercepts 1 y

D x x C

O* reciprocals 1 0 0 Miller Indices 1 -1 0

(1 0 0)

(1 1 0)

Family of Symmetry Related Planes

(110) (101) (011) _ (1 1 0) _ (101) _ (011)

{110}
{110}= Plane ( 1 1 0 ) and all other planes related by symmetry to ( 1 1 0 )

cos =

d x

Jarak bidang kristal

z normal

d = y cos dan d = z cos

Dikuadratkan menjadi:

d cos = x

atau

d = x cos

o y

d2 d2 d2 cos2 = 2 , cos = 2 , cos2 = 2 x y z

cos + cos + cos =

d d d + + = x y z d d

+ + = x y z = + + x y z

jika penulisan (h k l) = (a/x b/y c/z), maka h = a/x , k = b/y , l = c/z Maka: 1 d2 = 2 h k2 l2 2 + 2 +2 a b c

d hkl

n = h 2 k2 l2 2 + 2 + 2 a b c

dhkl = jarak bidang h k l

d-spacing formula
For orthogonal crystal systems (i.e. ===90) :-

1 h k l = 2+ 2+ 2 2 d a b c 1 h2 + k 2 + l 2 = 2 d a2

For cubic crystals (special case of orthogonal) a=b=c :-

e.g. for

(1 0 0) (2 0 0) (1 1 0)

d=a d = a/2 d = a/2

etc.

A cubic crystal has a=5.2 (=0.52nm). Calculate the d-spacing of the (1 1 0) plane

A tetragonal crystal has a=4.7 , c=3.4 . Calculate the separation of the: (1 0 0) (0 0 1) (1 1 1) planes

1 h 2 + k 2 l2 = + 2 2 2 d a c

[a = b ]

1. Tentukan indeks miller dari bidang-bidang di bawah ini ;

2. Gambarkan bidang-bidang (1 1 0), (6 2 3), dan (1 1 2) 3. For BCC iron, compute the d-spacing of the (2 0 0) plane. The lattice parameter for Fe is 0,2866 nm. 4. Berapa sudut antara arah [1 1 1] dengan arah [1 0 1]