PSY 321 Dr.

Sanchez

Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

The Self-fulfilling Prophecy as a Three-Step Process

Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:

Teachers were told that, on the basis of an IQ test, a certain group of students was on the verge of an intellectual spurt This group of students was randomly chosen Test was bogus 8 months later, this group of Students actually outperformed others on an IQ test

Racial Profiling as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy

What is the state of intergroup bias in the U.S.?

Not everybodys life is what they make it. Some peoples life is what other people make it. - Alice Walker
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Racism: Healthcare
Black and Latino cardiac patients less likely to receive appropriate heart medicine Less likely to undergo coronary bypass surgery Less likely to receive dialysis or kidney transplant Receive lower quality basic clinical services

Racism: Hiring
(Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2003)

Sent 5000 phantom applications to job ads in Boston & Chicago Resumes were identical, EXCEPT:
RACE WAS VARIED by use of NAMES (Tamika vs Kristin; Tyrone vs Brad)

Results?

Racism: Mortgage Discrimination

White

people are far more likely than Black people to be granted mortgage loans effect cannot be explained away statistically by differences

This

Sexism: Pay Inequity

In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents for every dollar a man made.
Asian women: 75 cents White women: 70 cents Black women: 63 cents Native women: 57 cents Latina women: 52 cents

These differences cannot be explained away.

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What Is a Social Group?

Two

or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics:

Direct interactions with each other over a period of time. Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes. A shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.
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Defining Important Terms

Stereotypes: Prejudice:

COGNITIONS/BELIEFS

AFFECT/EMOTIONS BEHAVIORS

Discrimination:

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Perceiving Groups: Three Reactions

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A CLASS DIVIDED Social Categorization: Jane Elliots Class Exercise

Blue Eyes vs. Brown Eyes

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How Stereotypes Form: In-groups vs. Out-groups

We

have a strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups. Benefits Consequences
outgroup homogeneity effect

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Why Are Out-groups Seen As Homogeneous?

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Social Categorization Tajfels Minimal Group Paradigm

Minimal Groups = categorizing persons on the basis of trivial info Ps watch a coin toss that randomly assigned them to X or W Overestimators vs. Underestimators

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Social Categorization Tajfels Minimal Group Paradigm

General Findings

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Social Identity Theory

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Social Identity Theory

Basic

Predictions: 1) Threats to SE = need for ingroup favoritism 2) Ingroup favoritism = repairs SE

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Stereotypes

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Definitions
What

is a stereotype ?
e.g., professor absent-minded reads books drinks coffee wears glasses

beliefs about characteristics of group members

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Stereotype Content
Gender:

Agency-Communion

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Gendered Scripts = Example Sexual Agency

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Stereotype Content
Warm-Competence
Women

Homeless People Rich The Elderly

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The Stereotype Content Model

(Fiske et al., 2002)

Two fundamental dimensions: warmth & competence Positive Stereotypes Negative Stereotypes MIXED: Paternalistic stereotypes (high warmth/low competence) e.g., elderly, disabled people, some gender stereotypes Envious stereotypes (low warmth/high competence) Asians, Jews The 4 different combinations of warmth and competence are associated with different intergroup emotions

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(Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 1999; 2002)

Stereotype Content Model

Low competence, Low warmth -> Contempt Low competence, High warmth -> Pity High competence, Low warmth -> Envy High competence, High warmth -> Pride

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How Stereotypes Survive: Attributions

Attributional

stereotypes.

biases can perpetuate

Fundamental attribution error revisited.

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How Stereotypes Survive: Subtyping and Contrast Effects

Illusory Correlations, Selective Memory Stereotypes stubbornly survive disconfirmation through subtyping. If behavior varies considerably from expectations, the perceived difference may be magnified.
Contrast effect Hilary Clinton effect
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How Stereotypes Survive: Confirmation Biases

Stereotypes

are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases.

The stereotype creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.

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Stereotype: Black men are dangerous

Is

it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)? Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text for picture) IVs:
Race of target Target is holding weapon or harmless object
DVs:

Pushed shoot or dont shoot button

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Stereotype: Black men are dangerous

Results: Subjects

mistook harmless objects for guns when held by black targets other words, subjects biases caused them to confirm their expectations
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In

White men cant jump Stone et al., 1997

Subjects IV:

listened to same basketball game

Subjects were led to believe player was black or white How athletic was the player? How court smart was the player?
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DV:

White Men Cant Jump?

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Stereotypes as (Sometimes) Automatic

Devine

(1989): We become highly aware of the contents of many stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms.
Automatic

Can

influence behavior even when do not consciously endorse the stereotype.

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What Factors Can Influence Stereotype Activation?

Amount The

of exposure to the stereotype.

kind and amount of information the perceiver encounters. perceivers motivational goals.
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The

Self-esteem Threats and Stereotyping

Sinclair & Kunda, 1999

White

subjects received feedback on performance from a doctor:

Doctor was Black or White Feedback was positive or negative

Completed

unrelated measure of automatic stereotyping

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Motivated Stereotype Inhibition and Activation

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Are Stereotypes Ever Accurate?

What is meant by accurate?

kernel of truth But what does kernel of truth reflect? Traits or social structure?

Even when based on reality, tend to exaggerate differences and understate similarities between groups. Stereotyping is a dynamic process stereotypes change over time.
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Overcoming Stereotypes
How

much personal information do we have about someone? What is our cognitive ability to focus on an individual member of a stereotyped group? What is our motivation level to form an accurate impression of someone?

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Prejudice: The emotional component

Competition-based Explicit

prejudice

vs. Implicit prejudice

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Realistic Conflict Theory

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

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Competition for Limited Resources

Realistic

Conflict Theory

scarce resources -------> members of in-group feel threatened People feel a sense of relative deprivation feeling threatened -------> prejudice and discrimination
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Realistic Conflict Theory

Example 1 (Hovland & Sears) cotton & lynchings in South (1882-1930) as cotton prices went down (i.e., scarce resources), number of lynchings of Black people increased

Example

Jewish Holocaust As German economy worsened, Jewish people were scapegoated, resented, killed.
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Realistic Conflict Theory

Example

2 (Sherif & Colleagues)

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Realistic Conflict Theory

Example

2 (Sherif & Colleagues)

Boy Scout Camp (Eagles vs Rattlers) Strengthened cohesiveness w/in group in first week Enhanced competition btw groups in second week Resources were source of conflict How was conflict restored????

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Forms of Prejudice

Components of Consciousness Awareness Explicit = aware Implicit = unaware Control Intentional deliberative (controllable) Automatic no control (involuntary) Limited energy & cognitive resources Extremely rapid
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 Explicit

Attitudes

Implicit

Attitudes

Operate at conscious Function in an level unconscious & unintentional manner Best measured by traditional, selfreport measures How do we measure??
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How Can Implicit Racism Be Detected and Measured?

Use reaction times to measure associations between race and positive/negative words Fazio et al.s (1995) bona fide pipeline measure. see face, then respond to good/bad words Greenwald et al.s (1998) Implicit Association Test (IAT) Pair faces with good/bad words

fMRI and amygdala activation

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Some Explicit Measures of Prejudice

Ambivalent Modern (There

Sexism

Racism

are many more)

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Ambivalent Sexism
(Glick & Fiske)

Consists of two elements:

Hostile sexism, characterized by negative, resentful feelings about womens abilities, values and ability to challenge mens power. Benevolent sexism, characterized by affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection. A person can be both a benevolent and a hostile sexist

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A subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize. Based on idea that many people are racially ambivalent. Can lead to subtle, often unconscious forms of prejudice and discrimination. Example: Parents claim they are not prejudice against African
Americans but are uncomfortable with their child dating an African American person. Maybe they say it because they want their children to not fear prejudice.

(Dovidio & Gaertner)

Modern Racism

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Implicit Prejudice
Unconscious Unintentional Automatic

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