OSI Transport Layer

Network Fundamentals Chapter 4

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Objectives
Explain the role of Transport Layer protocols and services in supporting communications across data networks
Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reliability Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reassembly and manage data loss. Analyze the operation of UDP to support communicate between two processes on end devices

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Transport Layer Role and Services

Explain the purpose of the Transport layer

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Transport Layer Role and Services

Supporting Reliable Communication

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Transport Layer Role and Services

Identify the basic characteristics of the UDP and TCP protocols

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Transport Layer Port Numbers

Allows receiving host to forward data to appropriate application.

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

Trace the steps that show how the TCP reliability mechanism works as part of a session

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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

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Port Numbers
Both TCP and UDP use port (or socket) numbers to pass information to the upper layers

Port numbers are used to keep track of different conversations that cross
the network at the same time.

Well-Known Port numbers 0 1,023 Port Numbers Below 255 255 - 1023 Above 1023
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Port Numbers
End systems use port numbers to select the proper application. Originating source port numbers, usually some numbers larger than 1023, are dynamically assigned by the source host Telnet Server Frame

Client
Frame

Networking Cloud

Segment Header
Source Destination Port Port

1028

25

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Layer 4 Transport Layer Addressing Port Numbers

Used for communication between applications.
Identify multiple conversations (applications) between host.

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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

Trace the steps in the handshake in the establishment of TCP sessions

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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

Trace the steps in the handshake in the termination of TCP sessions

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Managing TCP Sessions

TCP sequence numbers are used to reconstruct the data stream with segments placed in the correct order.

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Managing TCP Sessions

Trace the steps used by the TCP protocol in which sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers are used to manage exchanges in a conversation

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Managing TCP Sessions

TCP retransmission. is a remedy for lost data.
After a certain time limit, source host will resend missing segment number only.

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Managing TCP Sessions

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TCP Track Transmissions From Source to Destination.

TCP uses window size to establish a mechanism for Flow Control which helps prevent receiving host from being overwhelmed by incoming data.
Session Establishment
(TCP 3-Way Handshake) Initializes sequence nunbers of TCP session.

Numbering and Sequencing

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UDP Protocol
Describe the characteristics of the UDP protocol and the types of communication for which it is best suited

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 Wireshark is a PDU analyzer used to trouble shoot data transfer issues.

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Summary

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