Greetings 6 Amanahianssss xD!!

This is so BORINGGGG. zZZZ Coz its gonna be ssssshhhhhhhhhhhooooooooooooo long. Rules while members presenting: 1) Grabs some sweetssss =D 2) Dont busy copy down the notes cause its gonna be uploaded anyway. So we hope instead of copying, please lend us your precious ears cause we really need attention >0< 3) If you have any question to ask our team members while theyre presenting, please write down on your scrap papers, which statement youre not clear of and which slides is it you dont understand. @.@ 4) Q&A session will be provided when the speakers feel free to do so. 5) Last but not least, if you need to add on anything on the information we provided, do remind us at the end of the presentation =) Hope you guys will enjoy XD

Sook Jiun

General Properties

Atomic Radii

Kah Keng

Oxidation States

Chromium
2+ Cr(H2O)62+, blue 3+ (acidic) Cr(H2O)63+, blue (basic) Cr(OH)4-, green 6+ (acidic) Cr2O72-, orange (basic) Cr2O42-, yellow CrO acidic Cr2O3 amphoteric CrO3 basic

Manganese Oxidation States

Catalysis
Catalysis plays an essential aspect in about 90% of all chemical manufacturing. Ni and Pt are very heterogeneous catalysts. Pt, Rh, and Pd are used in catalytic converters. V2O5 is used in conversion of SO2 to SO3. Polyethylene is formed catalytically.

Transition Metal Catalysts Could Be Key to Origin of Life, Scientists Report

In a paper appearing in the current issue of The Biological Bulletin,scientists propose that a third type of catalyst could have jumpstarted metabolism and life itself, deep in hydrothermal ocean vents. According to the scientists' model, which is experimentally testable, molecular structures involving transition metal elements (iron, copper, nickel, etc.) and ligands (small organic molecules) could have catalyzed the synthesis of basic biochemicals (monomers) that acted as building blocks for more complex molecules, leading ultimately to the origin of life. The model has been put forth by Harold Morowitz of George Mason University (GMU), Vijayasarathy Srinivasan of GMU, and Eric Smith of the Santa Fe Institute. "There has been a big problem in the origin of life (theory) for the last 50 years in that you need large protein molecules to be catalysts to make monomers, but you need monomers to make the catalysts," Morowitz says. However, he suggests, "You can start out with these small metal-ligand catalysts, and they'll build up the monomers that can be used to make the (large protein catalysts)." A transition metal atom can act as the core of a metal-ligand complex, in which it is bound to and surrounded by other ligands. Morowitz and his colleagues propose that simple transition metal-ligand complexes in hydrothermal ocean vents catalyzed reactions that gave rise to more complex molecules. These increasingly complex molecules then acted as ligands in increasingly efficient transition metal-ligand complex catalysts. Gradually, the basic molecular ingredients of metabolism accumulated and were able to self-organize into networks of chemical reactions that laid the foundation for life. "We used to think if we could understand what carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur were doing, we would immediately be able to understand biology," Morowitz says, listing elements that constitute a large proportion of Earth's biomass. "But now we're finding that these other fairly rare elements, transition metals, are necessary in biology, so we ask, 'What was their role in the origin of life?'" The proposal suggests that the rise of life forms is a natural consequence of the unique properties of transition metals and ligand field theory, which describes the characteristics of ligand complexes. "The idea has emerged from a study of the periodic table. We strongly feel that unless you're able to see how life comes about in some formal chemical way, you're never really going to solve the problem," Morowitz says. Morowitz and his colleagues are preparing experiments to test the catalytic properties of transition metal-ligand complexes built with different types of ligands. Ligands known to bind tightly to transition metals include molecules produced during the course of the reductive citric acid cycle, a series of biochemical reactions essential for many microorganisms. "We think life probably began with the reductive citric acid cycle, and there is evidence that under hydrothermal vent conditions some of the cycle's intermediates form," Morowitz says. "We are going to start with these molecules and mix them with various transition metals, cook them at different temperatures for a while, and see what kinds of catalysts we've made." Such experiments could reveal what kinds of catalytic reactions took place to lay the foundations for life. The hypothesis also allows for the possibility that life could have arisen more than once. "Life could have originated multiples times, and, if we find life elsewhere in the universe, it could be very similar to the life we know here because it will be based on the same transition metals and ligands," Morowitz says. "It's a conjecture at the moment, but it could become a formal scientific core for the emergence of life."

Chemist transform Acids Into Bases: Research Offers Vast Family of New Catalysts for Use in Drug Discovery, Biotechnology
As our chemistry lab sessions have taught us, acids are substances that taste sour and react with metals and bases (bases are the chemical opposite of acids). For example, compounds of the element boron are acidic while nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are basic. The research, reported in the July 29 issue of Science, makes possible a vast array of chemical reactions -- such as those used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, manufacturing new materials, and research academic institutions. "The result is totally counterintuitive," said Guy Bertrand, a distinguished professor of chemistry, who led the research. "When I presented preliminary results from this research at a conference recently, the audience was incredulous, saying this was simply unachievable. But we have achieved it. We have transformed boron compounds into nitrogen-like compounds. In other words, we have made acids behave like bases." Bertrand's lab at UC Riverside specializes on catalysts. A catalyst is a substance -- usually a metal to which ions or compounds are bound -that facilitates or allows a chemical reaction, but is neither consumed nor altered by the reaction itself. Crucial to the reaction's success, a catalyst is like the car engine enabling an uphill drive. While only about 30 metals are used to form catalysts, the binding ions or molecules, called ligands, can number in the millions, allowing for numerous catalysts. Currently, the majority of these ligands are nitrogen- or phosphorus-based. "The trouble with using phosphorus-based catalysts is that phosphorus is toxic and it can contaminate the end products," Bertrand said. "Our work shows that it is now possible to replace phosphorus ligands in catalysts with boron ligands. And boron is not toxic. Catalysis research has advanced in small, incremental steps since the first catalytic reaction took place in 1902 in France. Our work is a quantum leap in catalysis research because a vast family of new catalysts can now be added to the mix. What kind of reactions these new boron-based catalysts are capable of facilitating is as yet unknown. What is known, though, is that they are potentially numerous." Bertrand explained that acids cannot be used as ligands to form a catalyst. Instead, bases must be used. While all boron compounds are acids, his lab has succeeded in making these compounds behave like bases. His lab achieved the result by modifying the number of electrons in boron, with no change to the atom's nucleus. "It's almost like changing one atom into another atom," Bertrand said. His research group stumbled upon the idea during one of its regular brainstorming meetings. "I encourage my students and postdoctoral researchers to think outside the box and not be inhibited or intimidated about sharing ideas with the group," he said. "The smaller these brainstorming groups are, the freer the participants feel about bringing new and unconventional ideas to the table, I have found. About 90 percent of the time, the ideas are ultimately not useful. But then, about 10 percent of the time we have something to work with." The research was supported by grants to Bertrand from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. An internationally renowned scientist, Bertrand came to UCR in 2001 from France's national research agency, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). He is the director of the UCR-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory.

Mei Sheng

Mei Mui

Transition Elements Transition Elements

The Iron Triad

Three elements in period 4iron, cobalt, and nickelhave such similar properties that they are known as the iron triad. These elements, among others, have magnetic properties.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

The Iron Triad

Industrial magnets are made from an alloy of nickel, cobalt, and aluminum. Nickel is used in batteries along with cadmium. Iron is a necessary part of haemoglobin, the substance that transports oxygen in the blood. Iron also is mixed with other metals and with carbon to create a variety of steels with different properties.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

Most transition metals have higher melting points than the representative elements. The filaments of lightbulbs are made of tungsten, element 74.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal (3,410C) and will not melt when a current passes through it.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

Mercury, which has the lowest melting point of any metal (39C), is used in thermometers and in barometers.

Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperatures. Like many of the heavy metals, mercury is poisonous to living beings.

5 Metals that Don't Act Like Metals

Mercury is probably the most well-known strange metal. That's because it's a liquid at room temperature, which makes it look like a melted mirror. Although mercury is the most famous liquid metal, it's not the only one: Francium melts at 80.6 degrees Fahrenheit (27.0 degrees Celsius) Cesium melts at 83.2 degrees Fahrenheit (28.4 degrees Celsius) Gallium melts at 85.6 degrees Fahrenheit (29.8 degrees Celsius) Mercury might have the lowest melting point of all metals, but what about the metal that stays solid as the temperature climbs? That honor would go to tungsten, which doesn't melt until the thermometer tops out at 6,192 degrees Fahrenheit (3,422 degrees Celsius). Tungsten's symbol on the periodic table is "W," which comes from wolframite, an ore in which it's found. It's believed the ore's name comes from early tin smelters who determined that when a certain metal (tungsten) was present in the ore, it devoured their tin like a wolf devours sheep. All of these would be liquid in a warm room. Mercury, however, melts at -37.8 degrees Fahrenheit (-38.8 degrees Celsius), so it's pretty much a liquid wherever it's found on Earth -- except when bound to sulfide in the ore known as cinnabar, which is how it's most commonly mined. Mercury is also fascinating because it's 13.5 times denser than water. This allows heavy objects such as bricks and cannonballs to float on its surface. Although mercury has traditionally been used in such common equipment as thermometers, barometers and mirrors, it's considered highly toxic. In fact, the term "mad as a hatter" is believed to come from the 19th-century workers who treated hats with mercury and suffered debilitating physical and mental symptoms as a result. Mercury was allegedly painted under the wings of German planes by the allies in World War II, as it dissolves aluminum and would have caused the planes to fall apart in midair. It's also believed that Mozart may have died from mercury poisoning; he would have taken copious amounts of the toxic metal to help treat his syphilis.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

Chromiums name comes from the Greek word for color, chrome. Many other transition elements combine to form substances with brilliant colors.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum are sometimes called the platinum group because they have similar properties. They do not combine as easily with other elements. As a result, they can be used as catalysts.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Uses of Transition Elements

A catalyst is a substance that can make something happen faster but is not changed itself. Other transition elements, such as nickel, zinc, and cobalt, can be used as catalysts.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Inner Transition Elements

There are two series of inner transition elements. The first series, from cerium to lutetium, is called the lanthanides. The second series of elements, from thorium to lawrencium, is called the actinides.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

The Lanthanides

The lanthanides are soft metals that can be cut with a knife. The elements are so similar that they are hard to separate when they occur in the same ore, which they often do. Despite the name rare earth, the lanthanides are not as rare as originally thought. Cerium makes up 50 percent of an alloy called misch (MIHSH) metal. Flints in lighters are made from misch metal.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

The Actinides

All the actinides are radioactive. The nuclei of atoms of radioactive elements are unstable and decay to form other elements. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium are the only actinides that now are found naturally on Earth. Uranium is found in Earths crust because its half-life is long4.5 billion years.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

The Actinides

All other actinides are synthetic elements. Synthetic elements are made in laboratories and nuclear reactors. Plutonium is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants. Americium is used in some home smoke detectors. Californium-252 is used to kill cancer cells.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Dentistry and Dental Materials

Dentists have been using amalgam for over 150 years to fill cavities in decayed teeth. Amalgam, a mixture of silver, copper, tin, and mercury, is the familiar silver filling.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Dentistry and Dental Materials

Because amalgam contains mercury, some people are concerned that the use of this particular type of filling may unnecessarily expose a person to mercury vapor.

Transition Elements Transition Elements

Dentistry and Dental Materials

Today dentists have alternatives to amalgam. New composites, resins, and porcelains are being used to repair decayed, broken, or missing teeth.

Section Check Section Check

Question 1

Which three elements are known as the iron triad?

Answer
The iron triad consists of iron, cobalt, and nickel. They are called this because of their similar properties.

Section Check Section Check

Question 2

Which group consists of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum?

Answer
The answer is the platinum group. These elements all have similar properties, which is why they are grouped together.

Section Check Section Check

Question 3

What is most notable about the nuclei of the actinides?

Answer
The nuclei of actinides are unstable. All the actinides are radioactive, which means they decay to form other elements.

!THANK YOU!
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Credits to Andrian Tam, Leong Sook Jiun,Yeo Mei Sheng,Ng Mei Mui & Chong Kah Keng =D