Module A Power Point ModA2 - ch06 - Eng

Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module A2
6.1Arrays and Strings

6.2 Text files
6.3 Procedures
6.4 Functions
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module A2: Part B
6.1 Array and Strings

Array
a collection of values of same type
each element in the array is accessed by an
index
array name index
number [1] number [2] number [3] number [n]
1st element 2nd element 3rd element nth element
© Longman Hong Kong Education Page2

Module A2: Part B

One dimensional array
e.g. an integer array of 3 integers:
two methods of declaration:
Method 1
VAR
number : ARRAY[1..3] OF integer;
Method 2
TYPE
arr3 = ARRAY[1..3] OF integer;
VAR
mark : arr3;

Module A2: Part B

Two dimensional array
e.g. two-dimensional array with 2 rows and 3
columns
three methods of declaration:
Method 1
TYPE
rowtype = ARRAY[1..2] OF integer;
matrix = ARRAY[1..3] OF rowtype;
VAR
image : matrix;

Module A2: Part B

columns
Method 2
TYPE
matrix = ARRAY[1..2, 1..3] OF integer;
VAR
image : matrix;

Module A2: Part B

columns
Method 3
TYPE
image : ARRAY[1..2, 1..3] OF integer;

Module A2: Part B

String
an array of characters
e.g. declare and assign the string “hello”
TYPE string5 = ARRAY[1..5] OF char;
VAR a : string5
the string “hello” consists of 5 characters:
‘h’,‘e’,‘l’,‘l’and‘o’
h e l l 0
a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5]

Module A2: Part B

String
two methods to initialise the string:
a := ‘hello’;
a[1] := ‘h’; a[2] := ‘e’; a[3] := ‘l’
a[4] := ‘l’; a[5] := ‘o’;
Turbo Pascal string type
declare a variable MyName of string type with
maximum length 25
VAR
MyName : string[25];
Module A2: Part B

String handling functions
length
count the number of characters of a string
i := length(x);
str
convert an integer or a long integer into a string
str(old,new);
pos
display the position of a substring in its string in number
leftmost position number = 1
i := pos(substring, string);
Module A2: Part B

concat
join strings to form a new string
new_str := concat(a,b,c);
copy
copy a particular portion in a string to make a new string
new_str := copy(old_str, position, length);

Module A2: Part B

val
convert a numeric string into an integer
val(old_str, value, code);
– value = 0 when fail to convert a non-numeric input
– value = m when convert numeric input into an integer
number m
– code = 0 when all characters are numeric
– code = n when nth character is NOT numeric

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Text file (ASCII file)
a file that holds text
stored in secondary storage device
Reasons of using text file
Values stored in variables will be lost after exiting
the program.
Applications need more data than the main
memory can fit .

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Text file handling functions
assign
establish relationship
reset
open file for reading
rewrite
open file for writing
append
add data into file

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Preparing a text file for input or output
Heading
PROGRAM name(input, output, file_variable);
Declaration
VAR
file_variable : text;

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Steps of reading from a text file
1. Assign
establish relationship between file variable and the data
stored in text file
assign(file_variable, ‘text_file.txt’);
2. Reset
open file for reading
reset(file_variable);

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Steps of reading from a text file
3. Read from text file
read(file_variable, input_list);
readln(file_variable, input_list);
4. Close the text file

close(file_variable);

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Steps of writing to a text file
1. Assign
assign(file_variable, ‘text_file.txt’);
2a. Rewrite
open file for writing
rewrite(file_variable);
2b. Append
add data into an existing file
append(file_variable);

Module A2: Part B
6.2 Text files

Steps of writing to a text file
3. Write to text file
write(file_variable, list_of_values);
writeln(file_variable, list_of_values);
4. Close the text file

close(file_variable);

Module A2: Part B
6.3 Procedures
Procedures
extension of the declaration section of the program
placed after the variable declaration subsection
Advantages of using procedures
enhance top-down design
avoid repeating
increase readability

Module A2: Part B
6.3 Procedures
PROGRAM <program name>;
CONST
VAR
PROCEDURE <procedure name>
CONST
VAR procedure
BEGIN
...
END;
BEGIN
... main program
END.

Module A2: Part B
6.3 Procedures
Two forms of procedures
without parameters
PROCEDURE <name>;
BEGIN
...
END;
with parameters
PROCEDURE <name>(<parameter list>);
BEGIN
...
END;
Module A2: Part B
6.3 Procedures
Value parameters
allow the value to be passed from the main program
to the procedure only
Variable parameters
any changes of values in the procedure produces a
corresponding change in the main program
variables are passed by reference

Module A2: Part B
6.3 Procedures
Value parameters and variable parameters
PROCEDURE DemoVar( VAR x : real; y : real );

variable value
parameters parameters

Module A2: Part B
6.4 Functions
Function
return a single value to the calling program
function name
y := sqrt(x);
obtain return argument
value of the
sqrt function
Module A2: Part B
6.4 Functions
Standard functions
e.g. sqr, sqrt, round, trunc
argument is required
can be used in expressions
x := sqrt(y) + sqrt(z);
can be used in output statements
writeln(sqr(3) : 8);

Module A2: Part B
6.4 Functions
User-defined functions
e.g. finding a volume of a cube
FUNCTION cube(a : real): real;

BEGIN
cube := a * a * a
END;

Module A2: Part B
6.4 Functions
Recursive functions
a process of a subprogram calling itself
e.g. finding factorial of non-negative integer
FUNCTION factorial(n:integer):integer;
BEGIN
IF n=0 THEN
factorial := 1
ELSE
factorial := n * factorial(n-1)
END;

Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module A2
END

Module A Power Point ModA2 - ch06 - Eng

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Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module A2

6.1Arrays and Strings

6.1 Array and Strings

number [1] number [2] number [3] number [n]

1st element 2nd element 3rd element nth element

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page2

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page3

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page4

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page5

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page6

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page7

6.1 Array and Strings

6.1 Array and Strings

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page10

6.1 Array and Strings

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page11

6.2 Text files

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page12

6.2 Text files

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6.2 Text files

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6.2 Text files

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6.2 Text files

4. Close the text file

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6.2 Text files

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6.2 Text files

4. Close the text file

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© Longman Hong Kong Education Page19

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page20

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page22

PROCEDURE DemoVar( VAR x : real; y : real );

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page23

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page25

FUNCTION cube(a : real): real;

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page26

© Longman Hong Kong Education Page27

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