Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Elastic and Plastic Analysis

Using Dr. Frame

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Basic Concept
Elastic Analysis

Plastic Analysis

Element is assumed to obey Hookes law and recover to original state on removal of load.

Stress remains constant while the strain increases. The plastic hinge forms. Collapse occurs when sufficient plastic hinges have formed to

Elastic Analysis: determining the maximum load that cause one

point in any member section to

reach the yield stress or elastic critical buckling stress.

convert the structure to a

mechanism. Plastic analysis: determining the minimum load that causes the structure to collapse.

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Basic Concept
Plastic Moment

Simple plastic moment formula: Mp = ZFy Effect of the shear force: criteria

Effect of the axial force: force reduce the plastic moment

1. Both tensile and compressive 2. Reduced plastic moment formula:

1. Tresca and Von-Mises yield

2. In I-beams, the reduction in the

plastic moment is negligible until the shear force is over 50% shear capacity of the web

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

About Dr. Frame

Plastic Hinge Objects

Installation and removal of plastic hinges Before yielding: blue rectangles After yielding: solid red circles during loading, open red circles

during unloading

Simple linear interaction relation to account for axial force effect

Second-Order Analysis
Load-Dependent EI

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Case Model

Beam: W 310 x 60

Column: W 250 x 67

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Analysis Result: Case 1

Combined mechanism

e = 5.35

c = 7.70

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Analysis Result: Case 2

Combined mechanism

e = 3.11

c = 4.73

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Analysis Result: Case 3

Sway mechanism

e = 1.43

c = 1.95

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Analysis Result: Case 4

Sway mechanism

e = 2.07

c = 2.96

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Case Studies of Plastic Analysis

Analysis Result: Case 5

Sway mechanism

e = 2.12

c = 3.06

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Discussion
Reduction in plastic moment capacity due to axial force

Column 1 in all cases are investigated. W250x67: Np = 2992.5 kN Mp = 315.35 kNm

Case No. N (kN) M (kNm) N/Np M/Mp 1 309.7 298.5 0.103 0.947 2 493.7 288.8 0.165 0.916 3 549.5 286.1 0.184 0.907

The bigger axial force, the bigger reduction in plastic moment capacity.

4 631.4 279.5 0.211 0.886

5 374.9 295 0.125 0.935

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Discussion
Comparison of linear analysis and second-order analysis in Case 1, Case 3

The collapse load factor reduces. The P- effect is more significant in multistory frame.
c1 7.7 1.95 c2 7.45 1.82 c2 / c1 0.97 0.93

Case No. 1 3

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Discussion
A handy plastic analysis tool -Dr. Frame

Model and observe plastic behavior in structure interactively Get the order of plastic hinges

formation and the final collapse

mechanism easily and visually

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Plastic Hinge Formation

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14

Plastic Hinge Formation

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Conclusion
The plastic moment reduction due to axial force must be considered in the plastic analysis, especially when the axial force N exceeds 15% Np. For more accurate result, one needs to do the second-order analysis accounting for the P- effects and load-dependent EI. The location of plastic hinges in frames to form a mechanism varies with the type of loading, shape and other physical properties of the frame. Dr. Frame is a very handy program to perform plastic analysis for framed structures of complicated shape and with a high degree of redundancy.

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