Biomechanics of the hip

Prof. Sung-Jae, Lee Ph.D Inje Univ.

Introduction Anatomical considerations

The Acetabulum The Femoral Head The Femoral Neck

Kinematics
Range of Motion Surface joint Motion

Kinetics
Statics
Dynamics Effect of External Support on Hip Joint Reaction Force

Introduction

One of the largest and most stable joint: The hip joint Rigid ball-and-socket configuration (Intrinsic stability)

Anatomy

Composed of : Head of femur Acetabulum of pelvis

18 16 7 9 Wide range of motion Walking, sitting, squatting

Anatomy

Surrounding large, strong muscles

Acetabulum

Concave component of ball and socket joint Cover with articular cartilage

Provide with static stability

Acetabulum

Facing obliquely forward, outward and downward

Acetabulum

Labrum: a flat rim of fibro cartilage Transverse acetabular ligament

Acetabulum

Unload: small diameter region

in vitro Load distribution

The femoral head

Femoral head : convex component Two-third of a sphere

Cover with cartilage Rydell (1965) suggested : most load superior quadrant

The femoral neck

Frontal plane (the neck-to-shaft angle) Transverse plane (the angle of anteversion)

Neck-to-shaft angle : 125, vary from 90 to 135 Effect : lever arms

Neck-to-shaft angle & Abductor muscle force

Angle of anteversion :12 Effect : during gait

>12 :internal rotation <12 :external rotation

Femoral neck :Cancellous bone, medial and lateral trabecular system *Joint reaction force parallels the medial trabecular system

Joint reaction force

medial trabecular system

Frankel, 1960

Femoral Intertrochanteric Fractures

*The femur neck is the most common fracture site in elderly persons

Kinematics

Hip motion takes place in all three planes: sagittal (flexion-extension) frontal (abduction-adduction) transverse (internal-external rotation)
Muscle, ligament and configuration asymmetric

Kinematics

Rang of motion : sagittal, frontal, transverse

0~140

0~15

0~30

0~25

0~90

0~70

Kinematics
Frontal plane
35 to 40
Toe-off

Transverse plane

One gait cycle

Kinematics

Murray and coworkers (1969) studied the walking patterns of 67 normal men of similar weight and height ranging in age from 20 to 87 years and compared the gait patterns of older and younger men

Kinematics
Old man : shorter strides Decrease: Rang of hip flexion, extension Plantar flexion of ankle Heel-floor angle

Old man

Young man

Kinematics

hip flexion of at least 120 Abduction and external rotation of at least 20

Surface Joint Motion

Surface motion in the hip joint can be considered as gliding of the femoral head on the acetabulum. Center of rotation: estimated at the center of the femur head

Kinetics

Forces acting on the hip joint : must be understood

Prostheses design Fixation devices Osteotomy operation Rehabilitation
STATICS and DYNAMICS

Statics

Two-leg stance : without muscle contraction, stabilization by joint capsule and capsular ligament Calculation of the joint reaction force becomes simple Two-leg to single-leg stance : gravity line change Two methods : the simplified free-body technique & mathematical method

Single-leg Neutral position

Shoulders are tilted max. over supporting hip joint

Shoulders tilted opposite

Pelvis sags from support

Solvent
(1) Free-body for coplanar forces (three force member)

Solvent
(2) free-body for equilibrium equation

equilibrium equation (moment)

Its necessary to know b, c for solving A

equilibrium equation(x,y force)

Dynamics

Loads on the hip joint during dynamic activities

HS

TO

Several factors : a wider female pelvis a difference in the inclination of the femoral neck-to-shaft angle a difference in footwear and differences in the general pattern of gait

In vivo measurement of force: From prosthesis

An increase in muscle activity at the faster cadence resulted in higher force on the prosthesis.

Nail plate : osteotomy or neck fracture

Thank you !