1

introduction
Reconfigurable antennaspace limitation
MIMOdiversity gain
block code
state selection
state switching
Switching delay
2
CONTENTS
MIMOhigh data & reliable communication
space limitation so reconfigurable antenna
State switching transmission scheme
space time state block code
State selection scheme
to improve performance
General scenario Tx & Rx antenna
reconfiguration
Switching delay effects









3

RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA

RF MEMS antenna-E R Brown(1998)
Radiation pattern-distribution of current on surface
Principle
antenna physical lengthcurrent density
antenna capture or radiate energy in the channel according
to current distribution




To change physical configurationMEMS or active
switches



4
( ) | | | |
}

= dv e r J r r F
r r j
v V

) , (
|
| u
Additional degree of freedom by intentionally
changing the propagation characteristic of channel
MEMS/diode
Q at high frequency
Fast switching
Insertion loss
Negligible DC power
Monolithically integrated
(reliability, packaging and switching speed)


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RECONFIGURABLE MIMO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Wireless communication normally isotropic
antenna with fixed radiation state
Neglected component
Frequency, polarization &radiation pattern
Changing propagation characteristic of channel
OSTBC+RE MIMOgain offered
Optimal radiation state selection, appropriate
codification and power allocation of Tx signal
diversity order
No expense of BW, Tx power, coding complexity


6
More efficient use of propagation channel
channel estimation
correlated radiation states
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ANTENNA MODEL

Reconfigurable antenna at receiver
N ports, P radiation states, channel
propagation states
Antenna groupO
A=N/O accessible ports
=P
O
,P

H()=channel matrix

8
RE-MEA DESIGN CRITERIA

To get full diversity signal must be orthogonal
Orthogonal patterns
NLOS, scattering &other mechanism,
uncorrelated paths
Normally use polarization or pattern diversity
No physical movement but physical change
Energy consideration
Operational consideration
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A RE MIMO OSTBC SYSTEM
OSTBC+MRC
Periodically select the optimal channel
propagation state
Channel estimation issues
System select optimal radiation state
Average increase in signal power

10
Architect of RE MIMO system
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Array gain-avg. value of selected variable is max
Correlation increase avg. value decreases
Diversity order and coding gain
Pair wise error probability
Multi channel effects /processing unit to control
Not on O
Coding gain increases as O increases
Imperfect channel estimation does not affect
diversity order but SNR at receiver




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ORIOL ANTENNA
2 radiation state
Low consumption, cheap handheld,
compact
PIXEL ANTENNA
5 radiation pattern
Coding types

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Diversity
Macro/micro
Space diversity(Tx. signal power, BW)
SNR
Polarization diversity
2 disadvantages
Directional, frequency diversity


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COMBINING TECHNIQUE
Linear
Co phase, coherent detection
Selection gain
Selection combining
Threshold combining
MRC

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SYSTEM MODEL FOR
RECONFIGURABLE MIMO
Radiation state
frequency reconfigurable antenna
radiation pattern or polarization
M
r
=accessible ports at receiver
Q=radiation state at receiver
M
t
=accessible ports at transmitter
P=radiation state at transmitter
=channel propagation state
=PQ



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TRANSMITTER RECONFIGURABLE
ANTNNA
Q==1,=P; no feedback
A. State-Switching scheme
no feedback, periodically switch the states
block fading channel
switching time<symbol duration
receiver has channel knowledge
p{1,2..P},T=time slot
codeword Cp C
TxMt

Y=CH+N


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B. Diversity Analysis of State-
Switching Reconfigurable MIMO




eigen values of
=rank diversity gain

coding gain





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Maximum gain M
t
M
r
P,

full rank
No coding scheme achieve full diversity

full rank, q= ( )

( )
So better coding scheme
Correlation effects coding gain not
diversity order

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Code Design Criteria for State-
Switching Reconfigurable
MIMO

R
H
is full rank
F(Cp, p)=(Cp-p)
H
(Cp-p)
r
p
=rank(F(Cp, p))



diversity gain criteria
order should be maximised

coding gain criteria
min has to be maximised







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Space-Time-State Code design
spatial and state diversity gains
Maximum likelihood decoding
P=1,=Q
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RECEIVER RECONFIGURABLE MIMO
SYSTEM

STATE SELECTION SCHEME
Optimal selection algorithm
Ad hoc selection algorithm
full diversity gain=M
t
M
r
Q
Selection gainincrease in average SNR
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TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER
RECONFIGURABLE MIMO
Mt,P,Mr,Q,=PQ
H
1
,H
2
H

independent channel propagation

states
Selection scheme
p={1,2P},i
p
{(p-1)Q+1,(p-1)Q+2,PQ}
i
p
=arg max
(p-1)Q+1ippQ
Hi
p

2
Y
p
=C
p
H
ip
+N
p
Full diversity=MtMrPQ
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SWITCHING DELAY ANALYSIS
Radiation characteristics-antenna uses a series
of switching devices
Affects state selection and state switching
scheme
problems
Lower data rate for state switching scheme
Lose in received SNR for state selection

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EFFECTS OF SWITCHING TIME IN
STATE SWITCHING SCHEME
Reduction in data rate
G=no. of transmitted symbols from ON to OFF
= T/T+G
T=length of the code word
Guard band of G symbols
Low loss switching device(diode, FET)
Large loss at high frequency compared to MEMS
Trade of decoding delay with data rate
T
dec
=PT
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= 1,B>>1 codeword
= TB/TB+G
T
dec
=PTB
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EFFECTS OF SWITCHING TIME IN
STATE SELECTION SCHEME
Loss in averaged signal to noise ratio
( )=1+1/2+.1/Q
Switching time>coherence time
Change during transition
L()=(1+1/2.1/Q)/(1/r+1/Q)
Channel change independently
Lavg=(1+1/2.1/Q)
Fast fading compared to switching time
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SCOPE
Coherent detection scheme used
Channel estimation considered ,complexity
is there
So non coherent detection
Block coding in frequency domain
Reconfigurable antenna

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CONCLUSION
Open loop MIMO communication
Reconfigurable antenna at Tx, Rx, or
both side
At transmitter side state switching
scheme ,diversity and coding criteria,
STSBC
At receiver side state selection
scheme



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Quantifises the loses in SNR
Data rate introduced by non ideal
switching delays of MEMS switches

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REFERENCES
[1] A. Grau, J. Romeu, L. Jofre, and F. De Flaviis,
On the polarizationdiversity gain using the ORIOL
antenna in fading indoor environments,"IEEE
Antennas Propag. Symposium, 2005.


[2] C. Jung, M.-J. Lee, G. Li, and F. De Flaviis,
Monolithic integratedre-configurable antenna with
RF-MEMS switches fabricated on printed circuit
board," IEEE Industrial Electronics Conf., Nov.
2005.





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[3] D. Anagnostou, G. Zheng, M. Chryssomallis,
J. Lyke, G. Ponchak,J. Papapolymerou, and C.
Christodoulou, Design, fabrication and
measurements of an RF-MEMS-based self-
similar reconfigurable antenna, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 54, Feb. 2006.

[4] A. Grau, H. Jafarkhani, and F. De Flaviis, A
reconfigurable multipleinputmultiple-output
communication system," IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1719-1733, May 2008.

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[5] F. Fazel, A. Grau, H. Jafarkhani, and F.
De Flaviis, Space-time block coded
reconfigurable MIMO communication
system using ORIOLantennas," IEEE
Wireless Commun. & Networking Conf.,
Apr. 2008.

[6] , State-selection in a space-time-
state block coded MIMO
communicationsystem using reconfigurable
PIXEL antennas," in Proc. IEEE Global
Commun. Conf., pp. 1-5, Dec. 2008.

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