Line Parameters

An electric transmission line is characterized by four

parameters:
series resistance
series inductance
shunt capacitance
shunt conductance
The inductance is the dominant series element due to
its effect on power transmission capacity and voltage
drop
It is associated with the induced voltage caused by the
change in flux that affect the conductivity and exchange
currents in the circuit
The capacitance is the dominating shunt element and it
represents a source of reactive power.
Mvars V
L
2
, the importance of the shunt capacitance
parameter increases with an increase in the magnitude
of the operating voltage.
The series resistance and shunt conductance are the
least important parameters as their effect on the
transmission capacity is relatively very less.
However, the series resistance completely determines
the real power transmission loss and its presence must
be considered.

Line Parameters
The shunt conductance accounts for the resistive
leakage current
The leakage current:
flows along the insulator strings and ionised pathways
in the air
varies appreciably with changes in the weather,
atmospheric humidity, pollution and salt content
The effect of the shunt conductance under normal
operating conditions is usually neglected
Consider only three parameters for the development of
a transmission line model for use in power system
studies
Line Parameters
Line Resistance
Resistance causes power loss in a transmission line.
Direct current resistance Rdc is given as:



Where = conductor resistivity in -m
l = conductor length in m
A = conductor cross-sectional area in m
2



O =
A
l
R
dc

The conductor resistance affected by three factors:

frequency, spiraling, and temperature.
When AC flows in a conductor, current distribution is not
uniform over the conductor cross-sectional area
current density is greatest at the surface of the conductor
(skin effects)
Thus, at 60 Hz, the ac resistance is about 2% higher
than DC resistance.
Stranded conductor is spiraled, each strand is longer
than the finished conductor this results a slightly
higher resistance than the value calculated using
formula:

Line Resistance
O =
A
l
R
dc

Power losses cause a rise in temperature of the line

conductors.
The resistance of a conductor also depends on its
temperature.
Resistance Rt1 of a conductor at t1
0
C is obtained from
the relation:


where R
0
= resistance of conductor at 0
0
C

0
= temperature coefficient of the conductor at 0
0
C

Line Resistance
( ) 1 1
0 0 1
t R R
t
o + =
The conductor resistance increase as temperature
increases.
The resistance R
t2
of a conductor at temperature t2
0
C
can be found out from the expression:

Line Resistance
1 0
2 0
1
2
/ 1
/ 1
t
t
R
R
t
t
+
+
=
o
o
OR
1
2
1
2
t T
t T
R
R
t
t
+
+
=
1
2
1 2
t T
t T
R R
t t
+
+
=
Where T = 1/
0
temperature
constants

Values of T for certain types of conductor:
Aluminium = 228
Annealed hard drawn copper = 234.5
(100% conductivity)
Hard drawn copper = 241
(97.3% conductivity)
The conductor resistance is best determined from
manufacturers data.
Line Resistance
Line Conductance
Under normal operating conditions, the effect of shunt
conductance, G, is usually neglected because it is
negligible.
Line Inductance
The inductance of a conductor is defined as the flux
linkages per unit current in it, given by:



Flows of alternating current in conductor will change the
flux which links the conductor
This flux consist of two: internal flux and external flux
Internal flux due to the current inside the conductor
External flux due to conductors current and due to the
current of other conductors in the vicinity

Henry
I
N
L
|
=
The inductance due to internal flux internal inductance,
L
in

The inductance due to external flux external
inductance, L
ex

The total inductance:

Line Inductance
ex in
L L L + =
Line Inductance
Internal Inductance
Figure A shows the cross
section of a long cylindrical
conductor with radius r and
carrying a current I amperes.
Assume the return path of the
current is far away does not
effect the magnetic field of the
conductor
Therefore, we can assume that
the magnetic flux lines to be
concentric with the conductor

dx
x
r
Figure A
Line Inductance
The magnetic field intensity at
that distance x m is given by:


where I
X
= the current in dx
2x = the length of the flux
path
Assuming N=1, then:






dx
x
r
Figure A
m AT
x
NI
H
X
X
/
2t
=
x
I
H
x
X
t 2
= (1)
Line Inductance
I
X
= current density x area
enclosed
=

Substitute 2 in 1:



The flux density is given as:




Where =
r

0
= permeability

dx
x
r
Figure A
A I
r
x
x
r
I
2
2
2
2
= t
t
(2)
m AT
r
xI
x
I
r
x
H
X
/
2 24
1
2
2
2
t
= - - =
2
2
/
2
m wb
r
xI
H B
X x
t

= =
Line Inductance
The flux, d is given as:


Where A
x
= the elemental area
normal to the flux path.
Consider 1 m length of the
conductor, then the flux, d
x
is
given as:


The flux linkages per meter
length of conductor is given as:


dx
x
r
Figure A
x x x
A B d - = |
wb dx
r
xI
dx B d
x x
2
2
) 1 (
t

| = =
2
4
3
2
2
/
2
m WbT dx
r
Ix
d
r
x
d
x x
t

|
t
t
= =
Line Inductance
The internal flux linkages is
given as:



Thus, the internal inductances
is given as:



If relative permeability,
r
= 1
and
0
= 4 x 10
-7
H/m, then:
dx
x
r
Figure A
m WbT
I
dx
r
Ix
r
in x
/
8 2
0
4
3
t

= = =
}
Henry
I
L
r in
in
t

t

8 8
0
= = =
m H L
in
/ 10
2
1
7
=
Internal inductance
independent of conductor
dimension
External Inductance
Assume the flux lines between
A1 and A2 lie within the
concentric cylindrical surface
passing A1 and A2
The magnetic field intensity at
a distance x meters from the
center of the conductor is:



The flux density B
X
is given by:

Line Inductance
dx
x
D1
D2
A1
A2
Figure B
m AT
x
I
H
X
/
2t
=
2
/
2
m Wb
x
I
H B
X X
t

= =
The flux d in the tubular
element of thickness dx meters
is (for an axial length 1 m):


The flux linkage for the solid
conductor (assume N=1) is:






Line Inductance
dx
x
D1
D2
A1
A2
Figure B
m Wb dx
x
I
A B d
X X x
/
2t

| = - =
1
2
12
ln
2 2
2
2
1
D
D I
dx
x
I
dx
x
I
d d
D
D
X
X X
}
= = =
= =
t

|
The external inductance is
given as:



We take =
0
= 4 x 10
-7
H/m
because outside the
conductor, the medium is air
(
r
= 1).
Line Inductance
dx
x
D1
D2
A1
A2
Figure B
1
2 7
1
2 0
ln 10 2 ln
2 D
D
D
D
I
L
X
ext

= = =
t

r
D
Line Inductance
The total inductance for a
single conductor A is the sum
of its internal and external
inductance which is given as:
(

=
(

=
(

+ =
(

+ =
(

+ =
+ = + =
=
=

'
ln 10 2 ln 10 2
ln
1
ln 10 2
ln ln 10 2
ln
4
1
10 2
ln 10 2 10
2
1
ln 10 2
10
2
1
7
4 / 1
7
4 / 1
7
4 / 1 7
7
7 7
7
7
r
D
re
D
r
D
e
r
D
e
r
D
r
D
L L L
r
D
L
L
ext in
ext
in
A
D
1 2
r
1
r
2

m H
r
D
L L L /
'
ln 10 4
7
2 1

= + =
Inductance for Single Phase 2 Wire
Line
km mH
r
D
L /
'
log 921 . 0 =
OR
The inductance in line 1 is given as:

The inductance in line 2:

The total inductance value:
m H
r
D
L /
'
ln 10 2
1
7
1

=
m H
r
D
L / ln 10 2
'
2
7
2

=




Example 4.1
Inductance for Single Phase 2 Wire
Line
Exercise (Single Phase Trans. Line)