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– Notochord
» Cartilage rod that supports nerve chord;
» For some: disappear during adult stage;
» Vertebrata: notochord during embryo, vertebra (backbone)
during adult;
Ciona sp.
CEPHALOCHORDATA
• Ancestor with gill slits but for filtering for food, respiration
via skin;
Vertebrae
• Centrum – bony
structure in the form
of a disc. Formed
around and replacing
the notocord
neural arch centrum
• Neural arch – long
hole through which
the nerve cord passes
What other forms are unique of the Vertebrata?
2 kinds of bones
• Dermal Bones
– Bony forms (plates and scales) that develop into skin;
– example: bony shield of early jawless fish, scales of sharks,
shoulder blade, top of the skull
• Endoskeletal Bone
– Originally : cartilage form and later calcified;
– For cartilaginous fish true bones never formed.
– example: vertebrae, ribs, appendages, jaws
DIFFERENT BONES FOUND IN VERTEBRATA
(cont)
• Cartilage
– All vertebrata have cartilage
– Cartilage are flexible – nose, ears
– Hard cartilage – larynx
– Calcified cartilage (sharks teeth); not true
bones as they are not alive.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBPHYLUM
VERTEBRATA
• Petromyzontidae - lampreys
• Placodermi – extinct
• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish
• Acanthodii – extinct
• Actinopterygii – fin fish
• Actinistia – coelacanth
• Dipnoi – lung fish
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia
PETROMYZONTIFORMES (Lampreys)
• Also called Agnatha
• Resembles eels but with differences
– Lack both jaws and paired fins
• Almost 50 species
• Found in rivers and coastal areas of temperate region
• Some remains in freshwater througout life
• Others (eg Petrmyzon marinus): are anandromus ie stay
in freshwater during early stage and return to sea during
adults
• Live for 1 – 2 years, lay eggs and die
• Larva trap food using gills
Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys)
• Extinct
• Thick bony shield around head and neck
• Teeth replace by bony plates
• When in existence represents a very diverse and
successful group
PLACODERMI - Examples
• Dunkleosteus – marine predators
• Found in Ohio, USA
• Lived during Devonian Era
• Very diverse
• Size – 20 feet
• Width of head – 4 feet
• Bothriolepis
• From Quebec, Canada
• Head – 4 inches wide
CHONDRICHTHYES
• Including sharks, skates,
rays and chimaeras
• First appeared 450 M years
ago
• No true bones; only
cartilages
• Teeth and vertebrae calcified
• Sharks prey on fish, squids,
and marine mammals
• Skates and chimaeras feed
on crustaceans and mollusks
• Thick heterocercal tail
Shark
– Chondrostei
– Holostei
– Teleostei
• Present
– Cheirolepis
– Polypteridae
– Redfieldiidae
– Chondrostei
– Neoterygii : Holostei dan Teleostei
Chondrostei
• Two chondrostean lineages survive today
– sturgeons of Eurasia and North America
– paddlefish (shown here) of North America and China
Paddlefish
Holostei:
Only 8 species survive:
• Lepisosteidae –
– Gar Pikes 7 species, North and Central America
• Amiidae –
– the Bowfin 1 North American Species Amia
calva
Holostei: examples
Alligator gar
Manjuari
SARCOPTERYGII
• Coelocanth
– from Sulawesi
AMPHIBIA
• Order Urodela
– Body usually long and cylindrical;
– head, trunk, and tail are separate;
– legs, if present, usually all equal in size.
– Salamanders and Newts.
• Order Salientia
– Body usually short and stout;
– head and trunk usually combined,
– with no tail;
– legs often smaller in front. Salamander
– Frogs and Toads.
REPTILIA
• Order Testudines
– Body is covered by "shell" of fused hardened scales;
– have toothless beaks.
– turtles and Tortoises
• Order Crocodilia
– Have legs and movable eyelids;
– mouth without "lips";
– found mostly in or near water.
– Alligators, Crocodiles and Gavials.
• Superorder Squamata
– May or may not have legs;
– teeth hidden by "lips";
– common on land but sometimes in water;
– Scales often small
– Lizards and snakes
Marine Turtles in Malaysia
Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Major Groups:
•Order Didelphimorphia - opossums
•Order Paucituberculata - shrew-like insectivores
•Order Dasyuromorphia - Tasmanian wolf
•Order Diprotodontia - (10 families and 117 species) kangaroos,
wallaby, wombats, koalas
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata
Echidna
Platypus
EUTHERIA
Major Orders of Mammals:
Subclass Eutheria
•Order Pholidota (the pangolin)
•Order Primates (apes, monkeys, lemurs, people)
•Order Proboscidea (elephants, mammoths, mastodonts
•Order Rodentia (rodents: rats, mice, squirrels, hamsters,
•Order Sirenia (sea cows, manatees)
MARINE BIODIVERSITY
• Plankton
– Phytoplankton
– Zooplankton
• Benthos
– Coral species
– Polycheates
– Molluscs
– Crustaceans
• Nekton
– Fish
– Squids
– Mammals