PREPOSITION

PRESENTED To:
MADAM FOZIA
PRESENTED By:
UMAR HASSAN
PREPOSITION
DEFINITION:
It is the basic building block of every argument and
may be asserted or denied. The judgment expressed in language
is also called preposition.Language does not matters in
preposition.
EXAMPLE:
PERVEZ MUSHARAF is president. He is former of
new state.
In this example there are two words important. PERVEZ
MUSHARAF and president in the first sentence and former in the
second sentence. So first sentence is the preposition because it
has two important words.
SENTENCE
A sentence is always a sentence in a
particular language.
Example It is raining.
It is a sentence. Language matters a lot in a
sentence.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PREPOSITION AND SENTENCE
PREPOSITION SENTENCE
It is a basic building it is used to express
block of any argument. thoughts and ideas in a
Language is not certain language.
important. Language is important.

Any sentence having Any sentence can be a

some thing important in it sentence. There is no
is called preposition. condition necessary.
PARTS OF PREPOSITION
There are two parts of preposition.
1) Compound: The word which joins two
sentences. Example then , but.
2) Conjunction: Logical conjunction is an
operation on two logical values, typically
the values of two propositions, that
produces a value of true if and only if p q &
both of its operands are true.
T T T
The truth table of p AND q (also written as p
T F F
∧ q ).
F T F

F F F
 SUBJECT PREDICATE
COPULA
In Aristotelian logic a proposition is a particular kind
of sentence, one which affirms or denies a predicate
of a subject.
 Subject: A term about which something is said is
called is called subject.
 Predicate: In which, which is said about it is called is
called predicate.
 Copula: It is the sign expressing the relationship
between subject and predicate.
When we compare subject and predicate it is called
judgment. And when it is expressed in language is
called preposition.
DIVISIONS OF PREPOSITIONS
 DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION
 DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO QUALITY
 DIVISION ACCORDING TO QUANTITY
 DIVISION ACCORDING TO MORTALITY
DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION
 1) COMPOUND PREPOSITION: Compound preposition is also called exponible
preposition. Compound preposition has more than one preposition in a single
statement.
i):-Copulative :- Consisting of two or more affirmative preposition .Example gold
and silver are precious metals.
ii):-Remotive:-In which two or more negative prepositions are joined. Example
neither gold nor silver is cheap.
 2) CATAGORIAL, HYPOTHETICAL, DISJUNCTIVE PREPOSITIONS:
i):- Catagorial :- Categorial preposition symbolically represented as S is P or S is
not P.
S(Subject)
P(Predicate)
ii):- Hypothetical preposition:- It has two classes which are related to each other.
It is conditional. eg If you do work hard you will pass.
iii):- Disjunctive preposition:- It consists of two or more classes in which there is
a relationship. Eg He is either doctor or a teacher or a engineer.
He will either pass or fail.
A is either b, c or d.
DIVISIONS ACCORDING TO
QUALITY
 1) AFFERMATIVE PREPOSITION: In which
predicate is defined of the subject. In which there is
an agreement between subject and predicate.
S is not or P.
 2) NEGATIVE PREPOSITION: In which predicate is
denied of the subject. In which there is a
disagreement between subject and predicate.
S is not P
DIVISION ACCORDING TO
QUANTITY
1) UNIVERSAL PREPOSITION: In which subject is taken in its
entire extent or denotion. Generalize for whole not specific.
Example men are mortal in whole world and not in a specific
place or country.
eg:- no crows are white.
All S is P and no S is P.
2) PARTIAL PREPOSITION: In which a subject is taken in its partial
extent or denotion.
Example Some men are honest.
Some tables are not round.
Some S is P or Some S is not P.
DIVISION ACCORDING TO
MORTALITY
 1) NECESSARY PREPOSITION: In which the
relation between subject and predicate is based on
their nature and can never be otherwise.
Example A is triangle must be three sided.
What must be to what must not be.
S must be P or S must not be P.
 2) ASSERTORY PREPOSITION: In which a certain
relation exist between subject and predicate so far
as our experience goes.
What is and what is not.
S is P as S is not P
THIS IS THE END OF MY PRESENTATION

I THANX ALL OF U FOR PAYING ATTENTION

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