MySQL Advanced

MySQL Replication MySQL Cluster MySQL Partitioning

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Advanced

MySQL Replication

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Replication
Concepts
MySQL replication tracks updates performed in a MySQL master logs and updates one or more slave servers. The mechanism involved in MySQL replication requires binary logging to be active. -Asynchronous replication, a slave doesn't need to be always active. -MySQL replication can be used to scale-out queries among different servers. -MySQL replication is a good solution for performing live backups.

- Long distance data distribution.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Replication
Architecture
MySQL replication architecture: - Each update performed in a database is replicated from the master to the slaves. - Only slaves keep track of their replication status. - One may set at what point the replication begins.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Replication
setup
MySQL Master Turn on binary log and set the server id restart mysql server:

MySQL slave Set the master properties in /etc/mysql/my.cnf: server-id=2 master-user = rep_slave master-password = password replicate-do-db={db_name}

server-id =1 binlog_do_db = gaia_test

log_bin =/var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log master-host = master_ip Create a user for replication:

GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'rep_slave'@'slave_ip' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Replication
setup
MySQL Master Show master log position: mysql > show master status \G; File: mysql-bin.000011 Position: 784 Binlog_Do_DB: gaia_test MySQL slave Change log position: CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=server_IP, MASTER_LOG_FILE=mysqlbin, MASTER_LOG_POS=784; Start Slave: mysql > slave start; See slave status and notice the SLAVE_* variables for errors (No = bad) : Show slave status\G;
Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Advanced

MySQL Cluster

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
MySQL cluster is designed to provide near perfect availability through a shared nothing architecture, in turn this means that all the nodes in a MySQL cluster can be replicated for failover.

MySQL cluster is a in memory database, which means that all data must be located in RAM, since version 5.1.6 a mechanism is available to store data on disk although Indexes must still fit in ram.
All data in MySQL is horizontally partitioned, across different storage nodes, which means that all table data is split across the storage nodes.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
MySQL cluster architecture consists of three types nodes:

Storage nodes:
SQL nodes: Management nodes:

All data is stored in this nodes.

Standard MySQL nodes, used for connection. Used to change the setup of the cluster.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
Setup (Debian)
To setup a 3 node (API + engine + management) MySQL Cluster you must update 2 files: Edit /etc/mysql/my.cnf and add:
[mysqld] ndbcluster [MYSQL_CLUSTER] ndb-connectstring=127.0.0.1

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
Setup (debian)
Create a new configuration file in /etc/mysql/ndb_mgmd.cnf:
[ndbd default] NoOfReplicas=1 DataMemory=80M IndexMemory=18M [ndb_mgmd] Id=1 hostname=localhost datadir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster [mysqld]
Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
Startup order:
#1 Management nodes: invoke-rc.d mysql-ndb-mgm start (start-initial) #2 Data nodes invoke-rc.d mysql-ndb start #3 SQL nodes invoke-rc.d mysql start

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
Testing the installation:
bash$ ndb-mgm -e show
Connected to Management Server at: 127.0.0.1:1186 Cluster Configuration ---------------------

[ndbd(NDB)]
id=2

1 node(s)

@127.0.0.1 (Version: 5.1.22, Nodegroup: 0, Master)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s) id=1 @127.0.0.1 (Version: 5.1.22) 1 node(s)

[mysqld(API)] id=3

@127.0.0.1 (Version: 5.1.22)

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Cluster
Testing the installation:
mysql> create table person (id int, name varchar(32)) engine = ndb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (2,34 sec) mysql> insert into person (id, name ) values ('11','carlos');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0,00 sec)

mysql> select * from person; +------+--------+

| id
|

| name

+------+--------+ 11 | carlos | +------+--------+ 1 row in set (0,00 sec)

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Advanced

MySQL Partitioning

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning concepts

Typical SQL doesn't provide guidance to underling physical storage layer, Partitioning allows you to split a table across multiple files, through the usage of a special partitioning rule called partitioning function. Partitioning can only take place in engines that support partitioning, engines like MyISAM or InnoDB and not like CSV or BlackHole. The big performance boost in database partition is that partitions that do not satisfy a certain rule are not scanned, this is called partition pruning.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning
Partition types
RANGE partitioning: Assigns rows to partitions based on column values falling within a given range.

LIST partitioning: Similar to partitioning by range, except that the partition is selected based on columns matching one of a
Partitioning set of discrete values. HASH partitioning: A partition is selected based on the value returned by a user-defined expression that operates on column values in rows to be inserted into the table. The function may consist of any expression valid in MySQL that yields a nonnegative integer value. KEY partitioning: Similar to partitioning by hash, except that only one or more columns to be evaluated are supplied, and the MySQL server provides its own hashing function.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning
examples
Range partition:
CREATE TABLE t1 ( r_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, region_code TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL ) PARTITION BY RANGE( region_code ) (

PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (64),

PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (128), PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE );

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning
examples
List Partition:
CREATE TABLE employees ( id INT NOT NULL, fname VARCHAR(30),

lname VARCHAR(30),
hired DATE NOT NULL DEFAULT '1970-01-01', separated DATE NOT NULL DEFAULT '9999-12-31', job_code INT,

store_id INT )
PARTITION BY LIST(store_id) ( PARTITION pNorth VALUES IN (16,15,3,5,6,9,17), PARTITION pEast VALUES IN (1,2,8,10,11,19,20), PARTITION pWest VALUES IN (7, 4,12,13,14,18) );

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning
examples
Hash Partition:
CREATE TABLE employees ( id INT NOT NULL, fname VARCHAR(30),

lname VARCHAR(30),
hired DATE NOT NULL DEFAULT '1970-01-01', separated DATE NOT NULL DEFAULT '9999-12-31', job_code INT,

store_id INT )
PARTITION BY HASH(store_id) PARTITIONS 5;

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

MySQL Partitioning
examples
Key Partition: CREATE TABLE k1 (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(20))

PARTITION BY KEY()
PARTITIONS 4; CREATE TABLE k1 (

id INT NOT NULL,

name VARCHAR(20), UNIQUE KEY (id) ) PARTITION BY KEY()

PARTITIONS 4;

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

Q&A
For more information:
More on MySQL-cluster and other studies: SIM Studies at the GAIA WIKI The technical note: GAIA-C1-TN-SIM-CDJ-001-1.pdf GAIA-C1-TN-SIM-AAB-001-01.pdf

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - First Database Testing Meeting, 20/Nov/08

MySQL Benchmarks

MySQL Single server MySQL Cluster Oracle

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - DBWorkshop 9-10 /Feb/09

Test objectives
Past studies evaluated the architecture and performance of MySQL Cluster and PostgreSQL solutions for the Gaia Databases. MySQL Cluster:

MySQL-Cluster

Poor performance Redundancy benefits

PostgreSQL

Sends 2x more data than MySQL Poor Bytea performance

Network load(400K objects) PostgreSQL: 2072M MYSQL: 1050 Mb ORACLE-XE: 520 Mb

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - First Database Testing Meeting, 20/Nov/08

Single MySQL Server

In order to pinpoint bottlenecks associated with MySQL, a series of basic tests were performed, these new tests made use of the available MDBExtractorIngestor package. Control and Monitor:
Available at the local infrastructure was the SMS (Supervisor Monitor Scheduler) batch system, we deployed in one node the database and in another the Ingestor.

At the local infrastructure was available the SMS (Supervisor Monitor Scheduler) batch system. The tests basic 2 node client server model the nodes where as following:

Hardware setup

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - First Database Testing Meeting, 20/Nov/08

Tests For MDBExtractorIngestor

JdbcObjectUpdater.java

MySQL Ingestor, Old and new JdbcObjectUpdater, 4.5Gb of data.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - First Database Testing Meeting, 20/Nov/08

Tests For DbBenchmark

JdbcObjectUpdater.java

MySQL Ingestor, Old and new JdbcObjectUpdater, 1Gb of data.

Oracle datapump (local), 1Gb of data.

Antnio Amorim, Carlos Jesus. CU1 - First Database Testing Meeting, 20/Nov/08