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Class : Plus Two

Subject: Gen English


Topic : Narration
Prepared By : Baljit
Kaur
Computer Faculty
Govt . Sec School
Akalgarh Dhapian
One day Ramu met Mohan. Ramu asked
Mohan where he was going. Mohan
replied, “I am going to my uncle’s house.”
There are two ways in which Ramu can report
this.
3. Mohan said, “I am going to my uncle’s
house.”
4. Mohan said that he was going to my
uncle’s house.
In the first way Ramu uses the actual words
spoken by Mohan. For this purpose, he
uses inverted commas[“ ”] after the
1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

The first way of reporting is called


Direct
Speech or Direct Narration.

The second way of reporting is


called Indirect Speech or Indirect
Narration.
Reporting Verb-Reported Speech
The verb of the Reporting Speech
is called the Reporting Verb.
Here the reporting verb is said.
The following points must be
noted:
 The actual words of the speaker

are put within inverted commas.


 There is a comma before the

Reported Speech Begins.


 The Reported Speech begins
1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

The first way of reporting is called


Direct
Speech or Direct Narration.

The second way of reporting is


called Indirect Speech or Indirect
Narration.
1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

The first way of reporting is called


Direct
Speech or Direct Narration.

The second way of reporting is


called Indirect Speech or Indirect
Narration.
2.Changing Declarative
Sentences into Indirect speech
Study the following example
Direct Indirect
1. My brother My brother says
says, “I can not that he can not
do this sum.” do this sum.
2. Baljit said, “I Baljit said that he
can not do this could not do that
sum.” sum.
3. The teacher The teacher told
said to me, “I me that she was
am very busy very busy then.
now.”
The following points in respect
of the Indirect Speech
 No Inverted commas are used.
 No comma is used to separate
Reported Speech from Reporting
Verb.
 A conjunction (that) is used after
Reporting Verb.
 In most cases, tense of the Reported
Speech changes into the
correspnding past tense.
 If the reported Speech is in past
tense, words showing nearness are
3.Rules Regarding Change of
Tense
Rule1. If the Reporting Verb is in present
tense or future tense, the tense of the
Reported Speech does not change
Example
Direct Indirect
1. Mother says, “Tea Mother says that tea
is ready.” is ready.
2. Baljit will say, Baljit will say that
“The sum was the sum was
difficult.” difficult.
3. Raj will say to Raj will tell you that
you, “I am he is honest.
honest.”
Rule 2. If the Reporting Verb is in past tense
and the Reported Speech is in present tense,
it change into its corresponding past tense
Present Indefinite changes into Past Indefinite
Present Continuous changes into Past
Continuous
Present Perfect changes into Past Perfect
Present Perfect changes into Past perfect
Continuous Continuous
Past Indefinite changes into Past Perfect
Past Continuous changes into Past Perfect
Continuous
Can changes into Could
May changes into Might
Shall/Will changes into Should/would

Note: Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous tense do


not change.
Rule 3.If the Reported Speech expresses
some universal truth, religious truth,
historical truth or proverbial truth, its tense
undergoes not changes
Examples
Direct Indirect
1. The teacher said, The teacher sad
“Two and three that two and three
make five.” make five.
2. Father said, “The Father said that the
second World Second World War
War ended in ended in 1945.
1945.” The Preacher said
3. The Preacher that Love is God.
4. Rules Regarding changes
in Personal Pronouns
Rule 1. Pronouns of the first person (I, We,
My, Our, Myself etc) in Reported Speech
change according to the person of the
subject of the Reporting verb
Example
Direct Indirect
1. My sister said to My sister told me
me, “I do not that she did not
want to waste my want to waste her
time.” time.
Rule 2. Pronouns of the second person
(You, Your, yours) changes according to
the object of the Reporting Verb
Example
Direct Indirect
 I said to her, I told her that she
“You should do should do her
your work.” work.
Rule 3. In the case of pronouns of the
third person (She, He, It, They, His, Their,
Them) there is no change.
Example
Direct Indirect
1. Mannu said to Mannu told me
me, “He is that he was
wasting his wasting his time.
time.” You told me that I
2. You said to me, was not your
“You are not my friend.
friend.”
Nearness-Distance Rule

If the Reporting Verb is


in Past Tense, words
showing nearness are
changed into words
showing distance.
Now changes into then
This changes into that
These changes into those
Today changes into that day
Tonight changes into that night
Tomorrow changes into the next day
Yesterday changes into the day before
Last night changes into the previous
night
Here changes into there
Hither changes into thither
Ago changes into before
Thus changes into so
Hence changes into then
Next week changes into the following week
Next day changes into the following day
Note: Nearness Distance rule applies
only if the Reporting Verb is in Past
Tense
Example
Direct Indirect
1. Baljit said, “I am Baljit said that she
going home was going home
now.” then.
They told me that
3. They said to me, Mohan would do
“Mohan will do his work the next
this work day.
tomorrow.”
5.Changing Imperative Sentences into
Indirect Speech
In order to change Imperative
Sentences into Indirect Speech,
proceed as follows:
 The Reporting Verb ‘said ‘ is
changed into order/ordered,
request/requested, beg/begged,
etc according to the sense of the
Reported Speech.
 Change the verb of the Reported
Speech into
to+v1 (first form of the verb)
not to+v1 (first form of the
Example
Changing Imperative Sentences
into indirect Speech
Direct Indirect
1. He said to me, He requested me
“Please help to help me.
me.” My father advised
2. My father said me to work hard.
to me, “Work The Principal
hard.” ordered the peon
3. The Principal to shut the door.
said to the peon,
“Shut the door.”
Use of ‘Let’ in Imperative
sentences
‘Let’ can be used in several ways
as follows:
II. To make a proposal
III. To permit or persuade
IV. To express a condition or
supposition
To make a proposal
In such a case, reporting Verb is changed into
propose/suggest and let is changed into
should.
Example
Direct Indirect
1. She said to us, She proposed to us
“Let us play that we should
hide and seek.” play hide and
2. Raju said to his seek.
friends, “Let us Raju proposed to
go out for a his friends that
picnic.” they should go out
for a picnic.
To permit or persuade
In such cases, Let is changed into to
let or might to be allowed to.
Example
Direct Indirect
1. Rani said to her Rani asked her
father, “Let me father to let her
marry the boy I marry the boy she
like.” liked.
To Express a condition or
supposition
In such a case, Let is changed into might.
Example
Direct Indirect
1. He said, “Let her He said that would
try ever so hard, not win however
she will not hard she might try.
win.”
Interrogative Sentences

There are two types of


Interrogative Sentences.
 Sentences beginning with a
word like What, When, Why,
Where etc.
 Sentences beginning with
some helping verb like: Do,
Does, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Has,
Have, Had, Can, Could, Should, May,
Rules to be allowed while changing
an interrogative sentences into the
Indirect Speech
 The Reporting Verb ‘said’ is changed into
‘asked’ or ‘enquired’.
 The interrogative form is changed into the
assertive form.
 The conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ is used if the
interrogative sentences begins with a helping
verb e.g. Do, does, did, has, have, will, shall,
may, might, is, am, are, can, could etc.
 No conjunction is used if the question begins
with an interrogative words e.g. when, why,
where, who how, what etc.
Example
Interrogative Sentences
Direct Indirect
1. He said to me, He asked me what
“What is your my name was.
name?”
2. I said to him, I asked him when
“When are you he was coming.
coming?”
Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory sentences express


the feelings of pain pleasure,
a wish, a desire etc. on the
part of the speaker.
Rules for change into Indirect
speech
 The Reporting Verb ‘said’ is
changed into exclaim, admit,
confess, cry out etc.
 Do away with words such as
‘Hurrah!’, ‘Alas’, ‘Brave’ and
express their sense by use of
joy, sorrow, applaud.
 All other rules of change of
pronouns and tenses are
applied.
Example
Exclamatory Sentences
Direct Indirect
1. He said, “How He exclaimed that
clever I am !” he was very clever.
2. The old man said, The old man
“Alas! My only exclaimed with
son is dead.” sorrow that his only
son was dead.
Optative Sentences
Rules for change into Indirect
Speech:
 The reporting verb is changed
into ‘wish’, ‘pray’ etc.
 The sentence becomes
assertive and sign of
exclamation is replaced by o
full stop.
 Conjunction ‘that’ is used after
the reporting verb.
Example
Optative Sentences
Direct Indirect
1. He said to her, He wished that she
“May you succeed might succeed.
!” Prem respectfully
2. Prem said to me, wished me good
“Good Morning, morning
Sir.”

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