Direct Speech and Indirect Speech the first way of reporting is called Direct Speech or Direct Narration. Indirect Speech is used when the tense of The Reported Speech changes into the correspnding past tense.
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech the first way of reporting is called Direct Speech or Direct Narration. Indirect Speech is used when the tense of The Reported Speech changes into the correspnding past tense.
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Direct Speech and Indirect Speech the first way of reporting is called Direct Speech or Direct Narration. Indirect Speech is used when the tense of The Reported Speech changes into the correspnding past tense.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PPT, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Topic : Narration Prepared By : Baljit Kaur Computer Faculty Govt . Sec School Akalgarh Dhapian One day Ramu met Mohan. Ramu asked Mohan where he was going. Mohan replied, “I am going to my uncle’s house.” There are two ways in which Ramu can report this. 3. Mohan said, “I am going to my uncle’s house.” 4. Mohan said that he was going to my uncle’s house. In the first way Ramu uses the actual words spoken by Mohan. For this purpose, he uses inverted commas[“ ”] after the 1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
The first way of reporting is called
Direct Speech or Direct Narration.
The second way of reporting is
called Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration. Reporting Verb-Reported Speech The verb of the Reporting Speech is called the Reporting Verb. Here the reporting verb is said. The following points must be noted: The actual words of the speaker
are put within inverted commas.
There is a comma before the
Reported Speech Begins.
The Reported Speech begins 1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
The first way of reporting is called
Direct Speech or Direct Narration.
The second way of reporting is
called Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration. 1.Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
The first way of reporting is called
Direct Speech or Direct Narration.
The second way of reporting is
called Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration. 2.Changing Declarative Sentences into Indirect speech Study the following example Direct Indirect 1. My brother My brother says says, “I can not that he can not do this sum.” do this sum. 2. Baljit said, “I Baljit said that he can not do this could not do that sum.” sum. 3. The teacher The teacher told said to me, “I me that she was am very busy very busy then. now.” The following points in respect of the Indirect Speech No Inverted commas are used. No comma is used to separate Reported Speech from Reporting Verb. A conjunction (that) is used after Reporting Verb. In most cases, tense of the Reported Speech changes into the correspnding past tense. If the reported Speech is in past tense, words showing nearness are 3.Rules Regarding Change of Tense Rule1. If the Reporting Verb is in present tense or future tense, the tense of the Reported Speech does not change Example Direct Indirect 1. Mother says, “Tea Mother says that tea is ready.” is ready. 2. Baljit will say, Baljit will say that “The sum was the sum was difficult.” difficult. 3. Raj will say to Raj will tell you that you, “I am he is honest. honest.” Rule 2. If the Reporting Verb is in past tense and the Reported Speech is in present tense, it change into its corresponding past tense Present Indefinite changes into Past Indefinite Present Continuous changes into Past Continuous Present Perfect changes into Past Perfect Present Perfect changes into Past perfect Continuous Continuous Past Indefinite changes into Past Perfect Past Continuous changes into Past Perfect Continuous Can changes into Could May changes into Might Shall/Will changes into Should/would
Note: Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous tense do
not change. Rule 3.If the Reported Speech expresses some universal truth, religious truth, historical truth or proverbial truth, its tense undergoes not changes Examples Direct Indirect 1. The teacher said, The teacher sad “Two and three that two and three make five.” make five. 2. Father said, “The Father said that the second World Second World War War ended in ended in 1945. 1945.” The Preacher said 3. The Preacher that Love is God. 4. Rules Regarding changes in Personal Pronouns Rule 1. Pronouns of the first person (I, We, My, Our, Myself etc) in Reported Speech change according to the person of the subject of the Reporting verb Example Direct Indirect 1. My sister said to My sister told me me, “I do not that she did not want to waste my want to waste her time.” time. Rule 2. Pronouns of the second person (You, Your, yours) changes according to the object of the Reporting Verb Example Direct Indirect I said to her, I told her that she “You should do should do her your work.” work. Rule 3. In the case of pronouns of the third person (She, He, It, They, His, Their, Them) there is no change. Example Direct Indirect 1. Mannu said to Mannu told me me, “He is that he was wasting his wasting his time. time.” You told me that I 2. You said to me, was not your “You are not my friend. friend.” Nearness-Distance Rule
If the Reporting Verb is
in Past Tense, words showing nearness are changed into words showing distance. Now changes into then This changes into that These changes into those Today changes into that day Tonight changes into that night Tomorrow changes into the next day Yesterday changes into the day before Last night changes into the previous night Here changes into there Hither changes into thither Ago changes into before Thus changes into so Hence changes into then Next week changes into the following week Next day changes into the following day Note: Nearness Distance rule applies only if the Reporting Verb is in Past Tense Example Direct Indirect 1. Baljit said, “I am Baljit said that she going home was going home now.” then. They told me that 3. They said to me, Mohan would do “Mohan will do his work the next this work day. tomorrow.” 5.Changing Imperative Sentences into Indirect Speech In order to change Imperative Sentences into Indirect Speech, proceed as follows: The Reporting Verb ‘said ‘ is changed into order/ordered, request/requested, beg/begged, etc according to the sense of the Reported Speech. Change the verb of the Reported Speech into to+v1 (first form of the verb) not to+v1 (first form of the Example Changing Imperative Sentences into indirect Speech Direct Indirect 1. He said to me, He requested me “Please help to help me. me.” My father advised 2. My father said me to work hard. to me, “Work The Principal hard.” ordered the peon 3. The Principal to shut the door. said to the peon, “Shut the door.” Use of ‘Let’ in Imperative sentences ‘Let’ can be used in several ways as follows: II. To make a proposal III. To permit or persuade IV. To express a condition or supposition To make a proposal In such a case, reporting Verb is changed into propose/suggest and let is changed into should. Example Direct Indirect 1. She said to us, She proposed to us “Let us play that we should hide and seek.” play hide and 2. Raju said to his seek. friends, “Let us Raju proposed to go out for a his friends that picnic.” they should go out for a picnic. To permit or persuade In such cases, Let is changed into to let or might to be allowed to. Example Direct Indirect 1. Rani said to her Rani asked her father, “Let me father to let her marry the boy I marry the boy she like.” liked. To Express a condition or supposition In such a case, Let is changed into might. Example Direct Indirect 1. He said, “Let her He said that would try ever so hard, not win however she will not hard she might try. win.” Interrogative Sentences
There are two types of
Interrogative Sentences. Sentences beginning with a word like What, When, Why, Where etc. Sentences beginning with some helping verb like: Do, Does, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Has, Have, Had, Can, Could, Should, May, Rules to be allowed while changing an interrogative sentences into the Indirect Speech The Reporting Verb ‘said’ is changed into ‘asked’ or ‘enquired’. The interrogative form is changed into the assertive form. The conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ is used if the interrogative sentences begins with a helping verb e.g. Do, does, did, has, have, will, shall, may, might, is, am, are, can, could etc. No conjunction is used if the question begins with an interrogative words e.g. when, why, where, who how, what etc. Example Interrogative Sentences Direct Indirect 1. He said to me, He asked me what “What is your my name was. name?” 2. I said to him, I asked him when “When are you he was coming. coming?” Exclamatory Sentences
Exclamatory sentences express
the feelings of pain pleasure, a wish, a desire etc. on the part of the speaker. Rules for change into Indirect speech The Reporting Verb ‘said’ is changed into exclaim, admit, confess, cry out etc. Do away with words such as ‘Hurrah!’, ‘Alas’, ‘Brave’ and express their sense by use of joy, sorrow, applaud. All other rules of change of pronouns and tenses are applied. Example Exclamatory Sentences Direct Indirect 1. He said, “How He exclaimed that clever I am !” he was very clever. 2. The old man said, The old man “Alas! My only exclaimed with son is dead.” sorrow that his only son was dead. Optative Sentences Rules for change into Indirect Speech: The reporting verb is changed into ‘wish’, ‘pray’ etc. The sentence becomes assertive and sign of exclamation is replaced by o full stop. Conjunction ‘that’ is used after the reporting verb. Example Optative Sentences Direct Indirect 1. He said to her, He wished that she “May you succeed might succeed. !” Prem respectfully 2. Prem said to me, wished me good “Good Morning, morning Sir.”