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Communication - Mobile
Inter-Exchange Junction
BSC BTS
Telephone Exchange Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
MS
Full Compatibility between mobile stations of various Manufacturers & Networks of different vendors to help roaming To increase spectral efficiency -- Large number of simultaneous calls in a given bandwidth -- Frequency Reuse -- Interference -- Use of Interference Reduction Techniques
4
B T S
GSM Specifications
RF Spectrum :
GSM 900 Mobile to BS (UP-LINK) 890 to 915 MHz BS to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 935 to 960 MHz Bandwidth - 25 MHz
GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation Duplex Distance No. of RF Carriers - 200 kHz - 45 MHz - 124
Access Method
Modulation Method Transmission Rate Speech Coding
- TDMA/FDMA
- GMSK - 270.833 Kbps - Full rate 13 Kbps Half rate 6.5 Kbps
7
...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz. 8
GSM FDMA
890
25 MHz
0
915
1 Mobile to Base
890.2 890.4 890.6
(MHz)
935
25 MHz
0 1 Base to Mobile
935.2 935.4
960
2
935.6
200 kHz
45MHz
200 kHz
GSM TDMA
Amplitude
45 MHz
7 8 5 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency
F1 (Cell Rx)
F2
F1 F2 (Cell transmit)
12
Speech Coding
Parameters like tone,length of tone,pitch are transmitted Sampling=50 times/sec instead of 8000 of 260 bits each overall bitrate= 50x260x8 subs=104kbps
13
Channel Coding
3 parity bits
Very important bits Block coder 53 bits 1:2 Convolutional Coder 4 Tail bits 378 bits 456
260 bits
50
78
Interleaving
- These 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech are interleaved forming eight blocks of 57 bits each.
- In one burst one block of 57 bits from one sample and another block from another sample are sent together.
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Stream of Time Slots
57
26
57
8.25
Normal Burst
17
GSM
Speech to Radio waves
Analog
Analog
Ciphering
Modulation
200kHz BW
Deciphering
Demodulation
200kHz BW
19
TIME
FDMA/TDMA Scheme
BP2 BP1 BP8 BP7 BP6 BP5 BP4 BP3 BP2 BP1 890.0 890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 891.2
BURST
F
R A M E FREQ MHz 915.8
20
3 CC SMS T CM
SS
8.25 GP
FCCH Burst
3 CC SMS SS 57 T CM Encrypted
1 S
26 Training
1 S
57 Encrypted
3 T
8.25 GP
Normal Burst
21
22
POWER CONTROL
To minimize co-channel interference and to conserve power, both the Mobile and BTS operate at the lowest power level that will maintain an acceptable signal quality. Mobile decides that power level is acceptable using bit errors ratio.
23
25
Generation of Comfort Noise at receiver to avoid the feeling of the set being dead.
26
GSM RF Interface
Timing Alignment :
- Large distance between BTS and MS causes the problem. - Each MS on call is allocated a timeslot on TDMA frame. - The problem occurs when the information transmitted by MS does not reach BTS on allocated timeslot.
TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TS3 TS2
B on TS2
A on TS3
27
BTS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
28
29
No Diversity
Antenna Diversity
FREQUENCY HOPPING
Change of frequency after every frame in a pre-determined manner
SFH improves performance in multi-path fading Provides interference diversity
30