Unit-1

Overview of the Syllabus for Computer Networks

such as web,e-mail, ftp. Need for a layered architecture, OSI and TCP/IP protocol suit. Internet, Intranet, Extranet. Network structure and Arcitecture, Toplology,Transimission Media. Switching Methods,ISDN.

Motivation: goals of networking, well-known applications

References
Peterson & Davie, "Computer Networks, A Systems

Approach", 3rd ed, Harcourt, 2005 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, "Computer Networks", 4th ed., Prentice Hall, 2003. Bertsekasand Gallagher Data Networks, PHI, 2000 William Stallings, Data and Computer Communcations,5thedition, PHI, 2005 Behrouz A Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking,4th edition, TMH,2006

DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Components
Data Representation Data flow

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, halfduplex, and full-duplex)

NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

Categories of Networks
Networks can be described by category. Valid network categories include Data Voice Video Multimedia Internet Intranet

Benefits of computer network

Resource sharing Powerful communication medium Higher reliability Higher flexibility Lower cost Incremental expansion

Applications of computer network

Scientific and Technical Computing

Client Server Model, Distributed Processing Parallel Processing, Communication Media

Commercial

Advertisement, Telemarketing, Teleconferencing Worldwide Financial Services

Network for the People (this is the most widely used

application nowadays)

Telemedicine, Distance Education, Access to Remote Information, Person-to-Person Communication, Interactive Entertainment

Applications of computer network

Financial services: Today's financial services are totally
depended on computer networks. Application includes credit history searches, foreign exchange and investment services, and electronic fund transfer, which allow user to transfer money without going into a bank (an automated teller machine is an example of electronic fund transfer, automatic pay-check is another).

Applications of computer network

Manufacturing: Computer networks are used in many aspects of manufacturing including manufacturing process itself. Two of them that use network to provide essential services are computer-aided design (CAD) and computerassisted manufacturing (CAM), both of which allow multiple users to work on a project simultaneously.

Applications of computer network

Electronic data interchange (EDI): EDI allows business information, including documents such as purchase orders and invoices, to be transferred without using paper. Electronic mail: probably it's the most widely used computer network application.

Applications of computer network

Voice over IP: Computer networks are also used to provide voice communication. This kind of voice communication is pretty cheap as compared to the normal telephonic conversation. Video on demand: Future services provided by the cable television networks may include video on request where a person can request for a particular movie or any clip at anytime he wish to see.

Applications of computer network

Teleconferencing: Teleconferencing allows conference to

occur without the participants being in the same place. Applications include simple text conferencing (where participants communicate through their normal keyboards and monitor) and video conferencing where participants can even see as well as talk to other fellow participants. Different types of equipments are used for video conferencing depending on what quality of the motion you want to capture (whether you want just to see the face of other fellow participants or do you want to see the exact facial expression).

Classification Based on Transmission Technology

Computer networks can be broadly categorized into two types based on transmission technologies:
Broadcast networks Point-to-point networks

Broadcast Networks
Broadcast network have a single

communication channel that is shared by all the machines on the network

Example of a broadcast network based on shared bus

Broadcast Networks

Example of a broadcast network based on satellite communication

Point-to-Point Networks
The end devices that wish

to communicate are called stations. The switching devices are called nodes.

General rule
smaller, geographically localized networks tend to use broadcasting,

whereas larger networks normally use are point-to-point communication.

Short Questions
Q-1. Which Technologies of this age had led to the emergence of computer network?
Ans: The technologies are Computer technology and Communication technology with the support of VLSI Technology.

Short Questions
Q-2. What are the two broad classifications under which Networks can be divided? Ans: All computer networks fit in one of the two dimensions namely, a). Transmission Technology, this focuses on the basic underlying physical network, for e.g. whether the nodes share a communication media or each pair of node has a separate dedicated link. b). Scale, it focuses on the scale of network how large is your network.

Short Questions
3) Mention important benefits of computer network. Ans: Important benefits of computer networks are: i) Resource sharing ii) Powerful communication medium iii) Higher reliability iv) Higher flexibility v) Lower cost vi) Incremental expansion

Objective Questions
A --------- connection provides a dedicated link between

two devices. 1) point-to-point 2)multipoint 3)Primary 4) secondary

Objective Questions
In -------- connection ,more than two devices share a

common link 1) point-to-point 2)multipoint 3)Primary 4) secondary

Objective Questions
In------- transmission, the channel capacity is shared by

both communicating devices at all time 1) Simplex 2)half-duplex 3)full- duplex 4) full -simplex

Objective Questions
In a ----- link,the only traffic is between the two connected

devices. 1) Secondary 2)primary 3)dedicated 4)none of above

Objective Questions
-----------is the division of one task among multiple

computers. 1) Distributed Processing 2) Distributed Messaging 3) Distributed Telephony 4) Electronic Messaging

Objective Questions
If a protocol specifies that data should be sent at 100 Mbps,

this is a--------issue. 1) syntax 2) semantics 3) timing 4) none of the above

Objective Questions
When a protocol specifies that the address of the sender

means the most recent sender and not the original source, this is a -------------issue. 1) syntax 2) semantics 3) timing 4) none of the above

Objective Questions
Viruses are a network-------issue. 1) Performance

2) Reliability 3) Security 4) Feasibility

Objective Questions
--------are rules that govern a communication exchange. 1) Media

2) Criteria 3) Protocols 4) All of the above

Objective Questions
The -------is the physical path over which a message travels. 1) protocol

2) medium 3) signal 4) all of the above