PERCEPTION

COMPILED BY:DEVENDRA (97) RAJIV (98) DIPANKAR (99) GURU (100) ASTHA (101) SARWAGYA (102)

 Perception

Factors that influence perception

Attribution theory Specific applications of shortcuts in organizations

Frequently used shortcuts in judging others

Decision making in organization Common bias and error in decision making

Improving creativity in decision making

Reducing biases and errors

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Factors Influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

What do you see?

Now what do you see?

Attribution theory:
Attribution theory aids in perceptual

interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the

event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

Causes of Behavior
Internal factors Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort) External factors Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck)

Elements of Attribution Theory

Observation Interpretation
H Distinctiveness L H Individual behavior Consensus L Internal

Attribution of cause
External Internal External

H Consistency L

Internal External
8

H high L- Low

Distictiveness
Does this person behave in this manner in other situation

Consensus
Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

Consistency
Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?

YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness

No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus

Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency

Internal Attribution
External Attributi on

Specific Shortcut Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview:

Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of

interviewers judgments of applicants Formed in a single glance 1/10 of a second!

Performance Expectations:

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower

or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities

Performance Evaluations:

Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)

perceptions of appraisers of another employees job performance Critical impact on employees

Frequently used shortcuts in judging other

Selective Perception

Halo Effect

Contrast Effect

Stereotyping

Model Assumptions Problem clarity

Known options
Clear preferences Constant preferences No time or cost constraints Maximum payoff

STEPS IN THE RATIONAL DECISIONMAKING MODEL

DEFINE THE PROBLEM

IDENTYFY THE DECISION CRITERIA WEIGHTS THE CRITERIA

GENERATE THE ALTERNATIVES

EVALUATE THE ALTERNATIVES

SELECT THE BEST ALTERNATIVE

THELink Between Perception And Individual The LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTION Decision-making AND INDIVISUAL DECISION-MAKING
PROBLEM A discrepancy between some current state of affairs and desired state.
DECISION Choices made from among alternative development from data perceived as relevant.

Perception Of The DecisionMaker

Out Comes