its about ..

An understanding of the ways individual plants and their physiology are impacted by different factors of the environment is an essential component in the design and management of cropping system The ecological study of individual plant response to the diverse factors of environment (autecology or physiological ecology) is a foundation of agroecological understanding

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Photosynthesis Carbon Partitioning Transpiration

Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy

stored in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules

this process is IMPORTANT for plant growth and survival

Remember what plants need

Photosynthesis
light reactions light sun ground H2O Calvin cycle air CO2

Fotosintesis Proses dimana organisme yang memiliki kloroplas mengubah energi cahaya matahari menjadi energi kimia Melibatkan 2 lintasan metabolik Reaksi terang: mengubah energi matahari menjadi energi seluler Siklus Calvin: reduksi CO2 menjadi CH2O

Simple equation :
6CO2 + 12H20 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Light energy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria

Organic + O2 molecules

ATP
powers most cellular work

Heat energy

Energi mengalir ke dalam suatu ekosistem sebagai cahaya matahari dan meninggalkannya dalam bentuk panas

Types of Photosynthesis

C3 photosynthesis Most plants

C4 photosynthesis A variety of plants, especially our summer annuals and many of our grasses CAM photosynthesis Cacti, agaves, bromeliads, and others

C3 plants
The

first stable compound formed in dark reactions (Calvin cycle) is 3-carbon compound
with C3, photosynthesis is always accompanied by photorespiration which consumes and releases CO2 in the presence of light wastes carbon fixed by photosynthesis - up to 50% of carbon fixed in photosynthesis may be used in photorespiration

A problem

it

C4 plants
A better way to capture CO2
1st step before Calvin cycle,

fix carbon with enzyme PEP carboxylase

store as 4C compound

adaptation to hot, dry climates have to close stomates a lot different leaf anatomy sugar cane, corn,

other grasses

sugar cane

corn

 Photorespiration

is nearly absent in C4 plants - so greatly increases their efficiency - this is because a high CO2: low O2 concentration limits photorespiration net photosynthetic rates are higher for C4 plants (corn, sorghum, sugarcane) than in C3 relatives (wheat, rice, rye, oats)

Thus

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants

separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by time

close stomates during day open stomates during night

at night, open stomates & fix carbon in storage compounds

organic acids: malic acid, isocitric acid

in day, close stomates & release CO2 from storage compounds to Calvin cycle
increases concentration of CO2 in cells

succulents, pineapple, cactuses, agaves, bromeliads

CAM plants

how plant distributes the carbon compounds derived from photosynthesis and allocates them to different physiological processes and plant parts

Transpiration

the continual flow of water from the soil, into the roots, up the stem to the leaves, and out of the leaves through the stomata

Water moving between soil and plants flows down a water potential gradient

Plants Place in the Environment - Each species occupies a particular place in the ecosystem, known as the habitat - within its habitat, the species carries out a particular ecological role or function, known as the ecological niche of that species

 Responses

to Factors of the Environment Setiap fase perkembangan tanaman melibatkan respon perubahan secara fisiologis. Sebagian besar respon tanaman berkaitan langsung dengan kondisi lingkungan
- Triggered Responses - Dependent Responses - Independent Responses

 Triggered

Responses

respon tanaman yang dipacu oleh adanya eksternal stimulus tertentu

Dependent

Responses

respon tanaman yang tergantung pada keberadaan kondisi lingkungan eksternal tertentu secara terus menerus
Independent

Responses

respon tanaman yang ditentukan oleh kondisi fisiologis tanaman; mis: tanaman jagung akan berbunga karena fase
tertentu dari pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sudah tercapai.

 Limits

and Tolerances Each environmental factor has both minimum and maximum levels, tolerance limits, beyond which a particular species cannot survive

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Buat tulisan lengkap tentang tipe fotosintesis Buat tulisan tentang kebutuhan unsur hara yang dibutuhkan tanaman