Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

Chapter 29

Seedless vascular plants (ferns)

Plants
Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Amoebozoans (amoebas, slime molds)

Chapter 30 Chapter 28

Chytrids

Fungi Zygote fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Chapter 31

Sac fungi

Club fungi

Choanoflagellates

Sponges

Cnidarians (jellies, coral)

Animal Diversity

Animals
Chapter 32 Chapters 33, 34

Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids,

arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)
 Animals
 multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes
– Multicellular

– Heterotrophic

– Eukaryotes
 Nutrition
 Animals are heterotrophs that ingest
(swallow) their food

30.1
 Cell Structure and
Specialization
 Animals are multicellular eukaryotes
that lack cell walls

30.1
 Unique Tissues
 Theirbodies are held together by
structural proteins such as collagen

 Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are

unique to animals
 Reproduction and
Development
 Most animals
– reproduce sexually with the diploid stage
usually dominating the life cycle
 All animals, and only animals
– Have Hox genes that regulate the development
of body form

30.1
 Early embryonic development in
animals
1 The zygote of an animal
undergoes a succession of 2 Only one cleavage 3 In most animals, cleavage results in the
mitotic cell divisions called stage–the eight-cell formation of a multicellular stage called a blastula.
cleavage. embryo–is shown here. The blastula of many animals is a hollow ball of cells.

Blastocoel

Cleavage Cleavage

6
The endoderm of
the archenteron de-
velops into the tissue Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section
lining the animal’s
Zygote of blastula
digestive tract.
Blastocoel
Endoderm
5 The blind pouch
formed by gastru-
lation, called
the archenteron, Ectoderm
opens to the outside
via the blastopore. Gastrula Mesoderm Gastrulation
Blastopore
4
Most animals also undergo gastrulation, a rearrangement
of the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward,
expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers
of embryonic tissues: the ectoderm (outer layer) and the
30.1 endoderm (inner layer).
The common ancestor of living
animals
– May have lived 1.2 billion–800 million
years ago
– May have resembled modern
choanoflagellates, protists that are the
closest living relatives of animals

Single cell

Stalk
Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–
524 Million Years Ago)
 Early
members of the
animal fossil record

(a) (b)
 Paleozoic Era (542–251
Million Years Ago)
 The Cambrian explosion
– Marks the earliest fossil appearance of
many major groups of living animals

30.2
 Cambrian Explosion
Hypotheses
1. The new predator-prey relationships that
emerged in the Cambrian may have generated
diversity through natural selection.
– Predators acquired adaptations that helped them catch
prey.
– Prey acquired adaptations that helped them resist
predation.
2. A rise of atmospheric oxygen preceded the
Cambrian explosion.
– More oxygen may have provided opportunities for
animals with higher metabolic rates and larger body
sizes.
 The evolution of the Hox complex provided the
developmental flexibility that resulted in
30.2 variations in morphology.
 Animals can be characterized
by “body plans”

– One way in which zoologists categorize

the diversity of animals is according to
general features of morphology
(structure) and development

30.3
 Symmetry
 Animals can be categorized
– According to the symmetry of their
bodies, or lack of it

30.4
 Radial Symmetry
Like a flower pot

Radial symmetry. The parts of a

radial animal, such as a sea
anemone (phylum Cnidaria), radiate
from the center. Any imaginary slice
through the central axis divides the
animal into mirror images.

30.4
 Bilateral Symmetry
Or two-sided symmetry

Bilateral symmetry. A bilateral

animal, such as a lobster (phylum
Arthropoda), has a left side and a
right side. Only one imaginary cut
divides the animal into mirror-image
halves.

30.4
 Bilaterally symmetrical animals
have
– A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom)
side
– A right and left side
– Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
– Cephalization, the development of a
head

30.4
 Tissues
 Animal body plans
– Also vary according to the organization of
the animal’s tissues
 Tissues
– Are collections of specialized cells isolated
from other tissues by membranous layers

30.3
 Animal embryos
– Form germ layers,
embryonic tissues
 ectoderm
 endoderm
 mesoderm
 Diploblastic animals
– Have two germ
layers
 Triploblastic
animals
30.3
– Have three germ
 Body Cavities
 A coelomate
– has called a true body cavity and is
derived from mesoderm Body covering
Coelom (from ectoderm)

Coelomates such as
annelids have a true Tissue layer
coelom, a body cavity lining coelom
completely lined by and suspending
tissue derived from internal organs
mesoderm. (from mesoderm)

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

30.5
 A pseudocoelomate
– has a body cavity derived from the
blastocoel, rather than from mesoderm

Pseudocoelom Body covering

(from ectoderm)

Pseudocoelomates such as
Muscle layer
nematodes have a body cavity only
(from
partially lined by tissue derived
mesoderm)
from mesoderm.

Digestive tract
(from ectoderm)

30.5
 Acoelomates
– Are organisms without body cavities
Body covering
(from ectoderm)

Tissue-
filled region
(from
Acoelomates such as mesoderm)
flatworms lack a body
cavity between the digestive
tract and outer body wall.

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

30.5
 Protostome and
Deuterostome Development
 Based on certain features seen in
early development
– Many animals can be categorized as
having one of two developmental
modes: protostome development or
deuterostome development

30.3
 Cleavage
 In protostome development
– Cleavage is spiral and determinate
 In deuterostome development
– Cleavage is radial and indeterminate

Protostome development Deuterostome development

(examples: molluscs, annelids, (examples: echinoderms,
arthropods) chordates)
Cleavage. In general, protostome
Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage development begins with spiral,
determinate cleavage.
Deuterostome development is
characterized by radial,
indeterminate cleavage.

Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate

30.3
 Coelom Formation
 In protostome development
– The splitting of the initially solid masses of
mesoderm to form the coelomic cavity is
called schizocoelous development
 In deuterostome development
– Formation of the body cavity is described
as enterocoelous development Coelom formation begins in the
Coelom

gastrula stage. In protostome

Archenteron development, the coelom forms
from splits in the mesoderm
(schizocoelous development). In
Coelom deuterostome development, the
Mesoderm Blastopore Mesoderm
Blastopore coelom forms from mesodermal
Enterocoelous: outpocketings of the archenteron
Schizocoelous: solid
folds of archenteron (enterocoelous development).
masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom form coelom

30.3
 Fate of the Blastopore
 In protostome development
– The blastopore becomes the mouth
 In deuterostome development
– The blastopore becomes the anus
Anus Mouth

Digestive tube

Mouth Anus
Mouth develops Anus develops
from blastopore from blastopore
30.3
 Animal Phylogeny

 Zoologists currently recognize about

35 animal phyla
 The current debate in animal
systematics
– Has led to the development of two
phylogenetic hypotheses, but others
exist as well
 Onehypothesis of animal phylogeny
based mainly on morphological and
developmental comparisons
 One hypothesis of animal phylogeny
based mainly on molecular data