The Skeletal System

Appendicular Skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of extremities
• Bones of shoulder and hip joints
• 126 bones
 Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle (shoulder joint) – 4
• Upper extremities – 60
• Pelvic girdle (hip joint) – 2
• Lower extremities – 60
A. Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Extremity
 Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Joint)
• Clavicle
• Scapula
 Clavicle (superior)

Lateral medial

S-shaped bone

Most frequently fractured bone in the human body

Clavicle
 Scapula
• Triangle-shaped bone
• Medial, lateral and superior borders
• Superior and inferior angles
Scapula (anterior)
Scapula (anterior)
Scapula (posterior)
 Scapula (lateral)

posterior anterior
Glenoid cavity (fossa)
Coracoid process (anterior)
 Coracoid process (lateral)

posterior anterior
 Scapular Fossae (3)

Fossa -- a
shallow depression
Scapular Fossae (3)
 The Upper Extremity (Limb)
• Consists of 30 bones
• 1 arm
• 2 forearm
• Remaining in wrist, palm and digits
The Upper Extremity (Limb)
 The Arm
• Only one bone
• Humerus
 Humerus

Anterior view
 Humerus
Shoulder joint
Anterior view

Fractures often
occur at this site

Deltoid muscle
attaches here
 Humerus
Anterior view

Epi = above
Condyle – a smooth
rounded surface or
articular process
4. Capitulum (lat)
2. Trochlea (med)
Humerus
 The Forearm
• Two parallel bones
• Ulna & radius
• Ulna is medial
• Radial is lateral
Forearm
 Forearm

lateral medial
 Ulna
Anterior view

lateral medial
Ulna
 Ulna
Anterior view

lateral medial
 Radius
Anterior view

lateral medial
Wrist (anterior)
 Carpals
8 carpals
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Inflammation of tendons and nerve

Wrist
 Metacarpals
5 metacarpals - palm
 Phalanges
14 phalanges
A. The Pelvic Girdle (Pelvis)
& Lower Extremity (Limb)
 The Pelvis
• 2 coxae bones
• Sacrum and coccyx
 Coxa
• Left & right
• Formed from fusion of 3 bones
3. Ilium
4. Ischium
5. Pubis
 1. Ilium

ASIS
 1. Ilium
Iliac
crest

Iliac
fossa

ASIS

Acetabulum
2. Ischium
 2. Ischium

Ischial Ischial
tuberosity ramus
3. Pubis
3. Pubis
3. Pubis

Pubic arch –
angle of
inferior rami
 Coxa (lateral)
• All 3 bones contribute to acetabulum
 Acetabulum
• Accomodates head of femur
 Pelvic Inlet
• Formed by ilium, pubis and sacrum
 Structural Differences
Female vs Male
• Differences in pelvis adapted for child-
bearing
1. Enlarged pelvic inlet in
female

male female
2. Sacrum doesn’t project
into pelvic inlet

male female
3. Iliac bones flare laterally in
female

male female
4. Pubic arch wider in female

male female
X-ray of Hip Replacement
 Femur
• Only bone of thigh
• Longest bone in body
• Articulates w/
acetabulum and
tibia
 Femur
Anterior view

right or left?
 Femur
Anterior view
Femur
Posterior view

condyles
Femur Condyles
Patella
 Patella

anterior posterior
 Leg Bones
• Two leg bones
• Tibia – medial
lateral medial
• Fibula - lateral
Tibia
 Fibula

lateral medial

Tibia articulates
w/ femur—
fibula does not
Knee Articulation
 Tibia and fibula
• Major weight-bearing bone of leg
 Tarsal Bones
• 7 bones
• talus - articulates with tibia
• Major weight bearing bone of foot
2. calcaneous - heel bone
Tarsal Bones (7)
Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges (14)