5708039,94343

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1c,,l,
cto ^uu!
[o'' `o '0
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eLrol englne was lnLroduced by Lhe englneers CoLLlleb
ualmler and karl 8enz (boLh from Cermany) ln 1883 lL
ls consldered as one of blggesL achlevemenL ln Lhe
auLomoLlve fleld lL ls made up of abouL 130 movlng
parLs WlLhln Lhe englne burnlng of fuel mlxed wlLh alr
causes hoL gases Lo expand agalnsL parLs of Lhe englne
and force Lhem Lo move So peLrol englnes are called
lnLernalcombusLlon englnes
eLrol englnes are compacL and llghL ln welghL for Lhe
power Lhey produce 1he raLe aL whlch lL produces
work ls usually measured ln horsepower or waLLs
ic o' (cto' cc
eclprocaLlng peLrol englnes are dlsLlngulshed ln a
number of ways Some of Lhem are as follows
(1) 1ype of compresslon
(2) valve arrangemenL
(3) 1he way Lhey are cooled
(4) 1he way Lhey are supplled wlLh alr and fuel
(3) number of plsLon sLrokes per cycle
(6) Cyllnder arrangemenL
ClasslflcaLlon based on number of sLokes per cycle
a) 1wo SLroke
b) lour SLroke
1vo to|c (cto' cc
lrom Lhe name lLself we geL Lhe ldea abouL Lhe
funcLlonlng of Lhe englne 1he englne lgnlLes fuel aL
every upward sLroke so Lhere are Lwo sLrokes for every
lgnlLlon of fuel 1hey are called upward and downward
sLroke As Lhe plsLon moves ln upward dlrecLlon from
boLLom Lo Lop ln Lhe flrsL sLroke Lhe alr and fuel mlxLure
geLs compressed and lgnlLed by spark plug as upward
sLroke comes Lo end 1hls resulLs ln an exploslon of
mlxLure whlch forces Lhe plsLon Lo move downwards
Lhereby produclng power
Slnce Lhey have less movlng parLs Lhey are llghL ln
welghL Also Lhe deslgn ls slmple compared Lo four
sLroke englnes
1vo to|c lc
oc to|c (cto' cc
1he four sLroke englne ls called so because Lhe worklng
of an lnLernal combusLlon englne ls dlvlded lnLo four
sLages called four sLrokes of Lhe englne
!.t o' . (cto' cc
lollowlng are some of Lhe lmporLanL parLs of peLrol
englne
1) Cyllnders
2) Cyllnder block
3) lsLon and ConnecLlng rods
4) Cyllnder head Crankcase
3) valves
6) Crank shafL llywheel
7) LxhausL sysLem
8) CamshafL luel sysLem
9) LubrlcaLlon sysLem
10) lgnlLlon sysLem
[il` " !l1[ l`l`l
1he lnLake sLroke
When Lhe englne sLarLs Lhe plsLon moves downwards ln
Lhe cyllnder because of whlch a reglon of low pressure ls
creaLed ln Lhe cyllnder above Lhe plsLon
AL Lhls momenL Lhe lnLake valve opens and Lhe fuel
mlxLure(peLrol vapour and alr mlxLure) ls sucked lnLo Lhe
cyllnder from Lhe carbureLor
1,c o(co to|c
When the suff|c|ent amount of the fue| m|xture
(petro| vapour and a|r m|xture) has entered the
cy||nder the |ntake va|ve gets c|osed 1he p|ston |s
then forced to move upwards wh|ch compresses the
fue|m|xture to about onee|ghth of |ts or|g|na|
vo|ume n|gher the compress|on rat|o more w||| be
the eff|c|ency of the eng|ne
1,c (ovc to|c
efore the p|ston comp|etes |ts upward movement
compress|ng the petro| vapour and a|r m|xture the
spark p|ug produces a ||tt|e e|ectr|c spark |ns|de the
cy||nder and th|s spark sets f|re to the petro|a|r
m|xture 1he petro| vapour burns qu|ck|y |n a ||tt|e
exp|os|on produc|ng a |arge vo|ume of gases and
enormous heat 1he pressure of rap|d|y expand|ng hot
gases pushes the p|ston upward w|th a great force
1he p|ston pushes the p|ston rod and the p|ston rod
pushes the crank shaft 1he crank shaft |s [o|ned to the
whee|s of a car When the crank shaft turns the
whee|s rotate and move the car
1,c c,.ct to|c
When the p|ston has been pushed to the bottom of
the cy||nder by the hot expand|ng gases |n the power
stroke then the exhaust va|ve opens After that due
to the momentum ga|ned by the whee|s the p|ston |s
pushed upwards 1he upward movement of the
p|ston expe|s the spent gases through the exhaust
va|ve |nto the atmosphere carry|ng away the unused
heat 1he exhaust va|ve then c|oses the |ntake va|ve
opens up and the above four strokes of the eng|ne
are repeated aga|n and aga|n
l`\l[ i
y||nder b|ock |s a r|g|d frame that ho|ds the cy||nders
|n proper a||gnment If the eng|ne |s ||qu|d coo|ed the
b|ock |s [acketed so that |t can be surrounded by the
||qu|d or has passages for the ||qu|d around each
cy||nder In automot|ve eng|nes the cy||nder b|ock
and crankcase form a s|ng|e un|t Most cy||nder b|ocks
are made of cast |ron or a|um|n|um
l`\l[
y||nders are r|g|d tubes that serve as a bear|ng for
the p|stons that move up and down |ns|de them 1hey
have h|gh|y po||shed surfaces 1h|s perm|ts a c|ose f|t
between p|ston and cy||nder and prevents gases from
|eak|ng past the p|ston 1he cy||nders |n most car
eng|nes are part of the b|ock Some eng|nes have a
cy||nder s|eeve made of spec|a||y hardened stee| or
cast |ron pressed |nto the cy||nder b|ock
l`\l[ }l"\
y||nder head |s a cast|ng bo|ted to the top of the
cy||nder b|ock 1he cy||nder head together w|th the
upper end of the cy||nder and the top of the p|ston
form the combust|on chamber where the fue|a|r
m|xture burns A cy||nder head and b|ock may be one
un|t
["`i"l
rankcase |s a r|g|d frame that ho|ds the crankshaft
and the crankshaft bear|ngs In sma|| eng|nes a|| or
part of the crankcase may be a part of the cy||nder
b|ock
.'ccto
lL ls Lhe hearL of gasollne englne 1hey meLer Lhe fuel and mlx
lL wlLh Lhe alr ln preclse proporLlons Cld carbureLors do spark
advance by measurlng Lhe dlfference ln pressure beLween Lhe
ouLslde and lnslde of Lhe carbureLor 1he amounL of LhroLLle
advance ls also measured 1he englnes remalns whlch may be
carbon monoxlde or unburned hydrocarbons shows how well
Lhe carbureLor ls worklng
ln new englnes a small compuLer ls used Lo calculaLe Lhese
parameLers and conLrol one or more elecLrlc ln[ecLors MosL of
Lhe new cars use elecLronlc fuel ln[ecLlon as lL allows Lhe
englne compuLer Lo preclsely conLrol Lhe fuel alr mlxLure
whlch lncreases energy efflclency and reduces polluLlon
1.o
1ransmlsslon ls a devlce LhaL LransmlLs power from Lhe englne
of a vehlcle Lo oLher parLs from whlch lL ls evenLually
dellvered Lo Lhe wheels 1he Lransmlsslon ls a ma[or parL of a
sysLem called Lhe drlve Lraln a serles of devlces LhaL sends
englne power Lo Lhe wheels
1he drlve power of a car ls a comblnaLlon of roLaLlonal speed
and Lorque (LwlsLlng efforL) 1he Lransmlsslon seLs an englne
speed LhaL provldes Lhe wheel speed and oLher performance
characLerlsLlcs deslred by Lhe drlver 1he Lransmlsslon can also
reverse Lorque so Lhe car can move backward ln addlLlon
when Lhe Lransmlsslon ls seL ln neuLral lL dellvers no power
even when Lhe englne ls runnlng
"`(" 1["`ll`
1he drlver shlfLs Lhe gears of a manual Lransmlsslon by means
of a handoperaLed lever called a gearshlfL 1he drlver puLs
Lhe Lransmlsslon lnLo Lhe neuLral poslLlon when sLarLlng Lhe
englne or when sLopplng Lhe car wlLh Lhe englne runnlng
1o puL a car lnLo forward moLlon Lhe drlver shlfLs lnLo flrsL or
low gear As Lhe car plcks up speed Lhe drlver shlfLs lnLo
second gear Lhen lnLo Lhlrd gear and so on unLll Lhe
Lransmlsslon ls ln Lhe hlghesL gear deslred lf exLra Lorque ls
needed Lhe drlver may downshlfL from a hlgher gear Lo a
lower one Such a slLuaLlon mlghL occur when Lhe car goes up
a sLeep hlll
'ct,
A cluLch connecLs Lhe englne Lo Lhe Lransmlsslon 1he
drlver conLrols Lhe cluLch by presslng and releaslng a
pedal 1he drlver musL operaLe Lhe cluLch along wlLh
Lhe gearshlfL When Lhe drlver presses Lhe pedal Lhe
cluLch ls dlsengaged and no power ls senL Lo Lhe
Lransmlsslon When Lhe drlver releases Lhe pedal Lhe
cluLch ls engaged sendlng power Lo Lhe Lransmlsslon
1he drlver musL dlsengage Lhe cluLch when shlfLlng
gears
"(1"1l 1["`ll`
An auLomaLlc Lransmlsslon provldes varlous gear raLlos as Lhey
are needed Cars wlLh auLomaLlc Lransmlsslons have a lever
called a selecLor 1he drlver can move Lhe selecLor Lo poslLlons
for park neuLral drlve low and reverse 1he englne can sLarL
only when Lhe selecLor ls ln park or neuLral
1o puL a car lnLo forward moLlon Lhe drlver moves Lhe
selecLor Lo Lhe drlve poslLlon lnlLlally Lhe Lransmlsslon wlll be
ln flrsL or low gear 1hls gear provldes Lhe hlghesL Lorque and
Lhe lowesL speed As Lhe car plcks up speed Lhe Lransmlsslon
wlll auLomaLlcally shlfL lnLo hlgher gears ln hlgher gears
speed ls hlgher and Lorque ls lower
lc `.'c 1. .c lto ;tc
MosL englne subsysLems can be lmplemenLed uslng
dlfferenL Lechnologles and beLLer Lechnologles can
lmprove Lhe performance of Lhe englne
1he valve Lraln conslsLs of Lhe valves and a mechanlsm
LhaL opens and closes Lhem 1he openlng and closlng
sysLem ls called a camshafL 1he camshafL has lobes on
lL LhaL move Lhe valves up and down as shown
MosL modern englnes have whaL are called overhead cams
1hls means LhaL Lhe camshafL ls locaLed above Lhe valves
1he cams on Lhe shafL acLlvaLe Lhe valves dlrecLly or Lhrough a
very shorL llnkage ods llnked Lhe cam below Lo valve llfLers
above Lhe valves 1hls approach has more movlng parLs and
also causes more lag beLween Lhe cams acLlvaLlon of Lhe
valve and Lhe valves subsequenL moLlon A Llmlng belL or
Llmlng chaln llnks Lhe crankshafL Lo Lhe camshafL so LhaL Lhe
valves are ln sync wlLh Lhe plsLons 1he camshafL ls geared Lo
Lurn aL onehalf Lhe raLe of Lhe crankshafL Many hlgh
performance englnes have four valves per cyllnder (Lwo for
lnLake Lwo for exhausL) and Lhls arrangemenL requlres Lwo
camshafLs per bank of cyllnders hence Lhe phrase dual
overhead cams
1he lgnlLlon sysLem produces a hlghvolLage elecLrlcal
charge and LransmlLs lL Lo Lhe spark plugs vla lgnlLlon
wlres 1he charge flrsL flows Lo a dlsLrlbuLor whlch you
can easlly flnd under Lhe hood of mosL cars 1he
dlsLrlbuLor has one wlre golng ln Lhe cenLer and four
slx or elghL wlres (dependlng on Lhe number of
cyllnders) comlng ouL of lL 1hese lgnlLlon wlres send
Lhe charge Lo each spark plug 1he englne ls Llmed so
LhaL only one cyllnder recelves a spark from Lhe
dlsLrlbuLor aL a Llme 1hls approach provldes maxlmum
smooLhness
"(('.to
eLrol englnes are wldely used ln Lhe auLomoLlve
lndusLry Lhe avlaLlon lndusLry porLable power planLs Lo
supply Lhe power Lo run pumps and oLher machlnery
on farms Many small boaLs Lrucks and buses also use
lL and ln almosL every manufacLurlng lndusLry
ctcc o(c
ConLlnuous research ls belng carrled Lo lncrease Lhe
fuel efflclency reduce Lhe polluLanLs and make lL more
llghL and compacL ecenLly englneers aL Lhe unlverslLy
of 8lrmlngham have made Lhe smallesL peLrol englne
LhaL can replace convenLlonal baLLerles 1he englne ls
so Llny LhaL lL can be handled on a flngerLlp