UNIDAD ACADMICA DE CIENCIAS QUMICO BIOLGICAS

carbon-carbon sigma: responsible for muscle to contract for the bonds that are subject to rotation in a muscle protein called myosin properties of diamond, and nanotubes depend primarily on whether or not it is possible rotation around carbon-carbon bonds.

muscle proteins are essentially very long linear molecules whose atoms are connected by single bonds into a chain

in diamond and nanotubes, the molecules contain a network of interconnected carbon rings the changes instead of long

Hydrocarbons are substances that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified according to their types of CC bonds.

Alkanes are hydrocarbons (compounds of C and H) simpler, have no functional group and the bonds between carbon atoms (sp3 hybridized) are simple links. Although it is very important because the study will enable us to understand (conformations, radical formation) and also because they constitute one of the most important energy sources for today's society (petroleum and its derivatives). the behavior of the skeleton of organic compounds

the first step in refining petroleum is distillation; the object here is to separete the petroleum into fractions based on the volatility of its components. complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. more than 500 diferent compounds are contained in the petroleum distillates boiling below 200c, and many have almost the same boiling points

thus the fractions taken contain mixtures of alkanes of similar boiling points mixtures of alkanes, furtunately, are perfectly suitable for uses as fuels, solvents,and lubricants, the primary uses of petroleum.

the demand for gasoline is much greater that that supplied by the gasoline fraction of petroleum. important processes in the petroleum industry, therefore, are concerned with coverthing hidrocarbons from other fractions into gasoline.

when a mixture of alkanes from the gas oil fraction ( c12 and higher) is heated at very high temperatures (500c) in the presences of a variety of catalysts, the molecules break apart and rearrange to smaller, more highly branched alkanes containing 5-10 carbon atoms.

A general tetrahedral orientation of groups is the rule for the carbon atoms of all alkanes and cycloalkanes

 Butane and Pentane are examples of alkanes that are called straight-chain alkanes

One glance at their threedimensional models shows that because of the tetrahedral carbon atoms their chains are zigzagged and not at all straight

The better description is UNBRANCHED

Isobutane, Isopentane and Neopentane are three Branchedchain alkanes. In each of the compounds one carbon atom is attached to more than two other carbon atoms

Constitutional isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but their atoms connected in a different order .
Molecular formula C6H14 C6H14 Structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 CH3 CH3CHCHCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2CH3 CH3 mp (C) -95 - 153.7 bp (C)a (1 atm) 68.7 60.3 Density (g/mL) 0.6594 0.6532 Index of Refraction 1.3748 1.3714

C6H14

-118

63.3

0.6643

1.3765

C6H14 C6H14

- 128.8 - 98

58 49.7

0.6616 0.6492

1.3750 1.3688

They always have different melting points, boiling points, densities, indexes of refraction and so forth