Networking basics

Marc Levoy

networking
networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

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Type of network
based on geographical area LAN WAN MAN CAN

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Introduction to network types based on geographical area

LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution. LAN - Local Area Network A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. WAN - Wide Area Network WAN spans a large physical distance A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
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Home networking
Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the Internet WAN via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband modem. The ISP provides a WAN IP address to the modem, and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so-called private) IP addresses. All computers on the home LAN can communicate directly with each other but must go through a central gateway, typically a broadband router, to reach the ISP.
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Network design
Client server Peer peer C-s : centralised server ,business P-p: all computers are the same,home

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Client server model

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Network topology
Layout or data structure from the point of data flow Bus Star Ring Tree Mesh More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
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Bus topology
use a common backbone to connect all devices
A device wanting to communicate with another

device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. bus networks work best with a limited number of devices Ethernet technology used
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Bus topology diagram

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Ring topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology
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Star topology
home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub that may be a hub, switch or router Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails
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Tree topology
hybrid approach to improve network scalability. multiple star topologies together onto a bus only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root of a tree of devices Future expandability of the bus

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Mesh topology
involve the concept of routes messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh

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Packet switching
Initially, we were using circuit switching nowadays packet switching is in use. Packet switching, approach used by computer network protocols to deliver data across a local or long distance connection. Examples of packet switching protocols are Frame Relay, IP and X.25.

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Packet switching works?

Packaging data into formatted units packets
that are typically routed from source to

destination using network switches and routers Each packet contains address information that identifies the sending computer and intended recipient. Using these addresses, network switches and routers determine how best to transfer the packet between hops on the path to its destination.
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Pros and cons

efficient use of overall network bandwidth
cheaper to build Longer delays in receiving messages due to the

time required to package and route packets QoS technology is often required to achieve the required performance levels Potential for network security risks

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Network protocols
the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.

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n/w protocols
A network protocol defines rules and conventions

for communication between network devices. Use packet switching techniques, to send and receive messages mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other

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Internet protocols
Internet Protocol (IP) includes
higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and

FTP lower-level Internet Protocols like ARP and ICMP higher level protocols interact applications like Web browsers lower-level protocols interact with network adapters and other computer hardware.
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Routing protocols
Routing protocols are special-purpose protocols

designed specifically for use by network routers on the Internet. Common routing protocols include EIGRP, OSPF and BGP.

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Type of networking
Wired Wireless WIRELESS: Wireless networks utilize radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communication channels between computers. A wireless network offers advantages and disadvantages compared to a wired network.
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Advantages and disadvantages of wireless vs wired n/w

Advantages of wireless include mobility and elimination of unsightly cables. Disadvantages of wireless include the potential for radio interference due to weather, other wireless devices, or obstructions like walls.

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Wifi std
Popular wireless local area networking (WLAN) products conform to the 802.11 "Wi-Fi" standards. The gear a person needs to build wireless networks includes network adapters (NICs), access points (APs), and routers.

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Marc Levoy