Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

4.2 How has the internal structure and urban areas of our city changed?
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

How do the internal structure and urban areas of Hong Kong change as it grows?
1 Changes in internal structure
Changes in the internal structure of the city

The growth and development of the CBD

The decline of the inner city

The expansion and reduction of industrial land use

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Expansion of urban areas

Urban population growth Increasing demand for land in the urban areas Expansion of urban areas Outward expansion Intensification of land use ________ Vertical expansion ________ Urban __________ renewal

Taking up _____ areas rural

___________ Reclamation

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

What are the processes involved in such changes?

1 Urbanization: Higher concentration of people and economic activity
Do you Rural-urban In the early 1970s remember Hong andmigration before, the was Kong mainmainly causes of undergoing Migrants from the urbanization urbanization. mainland of China in Hong Kong? Natural increase
Quit

Rural areas Main urban areas

Rural areas
Oxford University Press 2009

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

1 Urbanization: Higher concentration of people and economic activity

Intensification of land use in the main urban areas have come along with urbanization in Hong Kong. Urban areas have been expanding outwards through reclamation in obtaining land for development.
Intense urban development
(Credit: The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

2 Suburbanization: People moving out to new towns and suburbs

Percentage share of population by district in Hong Kong

District Hong Kong Island Kowloon New Territories

1966 27.8% 54.8% 14.6%

1976 23.3% 54.0% 21.3%

1986 21.8% 42.6% 34.9%

1996 21.1% 32.0% 46.8%

2006 18.5% 29.4% 52.1%

Change / / /

Source: Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics, 1988; 2006 Population By-census, Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR

Can you share of population In general, the percentagedescribe the change in urban in has been decreasing by areas in Hong Kongpopulation( distribution / increasing ). district between 1966 and Meanwhile, the percentage share of population in the 2006? suburbs has been ( decreasing / increasing ).
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

2 Suburbanization: People moving out to new towns and suburbs

In Hong Kong, suburbanization is particularly active between the 1970s and the 1990s. The causes of suburbanization are: Continuous population growth and economic development Urban decay in the inner city Increase in income; demand for a better living environment Improvements in transport networks and increase in ownership of private cars
Oxford University Press 2009

Main urban areas Suburbs

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

2 Suburbanization: People moving out to new towns and suburbs

However, job opportunities in the new towns/suburbs are not enough to support the residents. Many people still work in the main urban areas. They have to commute to their workplaces every day. Evening Daytime

Suburbs
Oxford University Press 2009

Main urban areas

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

3 Counter-urbanization: People moving out to rural and small urban areas

The causes of counter-urbanization are: Pull factors of rural and small urban areas
Rural and small urban areas

Push factors of main urban areas Advancements in communications technology

Oxford University Press 2009

Main urban areas Suburbs

Becoming less attractive

Rural and small urban areas

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

3 Counter-urbanization: People moving out to rural and small urban areas

Counter-urbanization is different from suburbanization. Under counter-urbanization, most people work and rely on services provided in the rural and small urban areas. They do not need to commute to the inner areas of the large cities every day.

Flow diagram of counterurbanization

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

3 Counter-urbanization: People moving out to rural and small urban areas

Counter-urbanization is more evident in ( less / more ) developed countries. However, the concept of counter-urbanization is not applicable in Hong Kong since ... Hong Kong is a small area. Most of the places are within a one-and-a-half hour drive from the CBD.
1 hour
Central District

Yuen Long

1 hour

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

4 Reurbanization: The inner city attracts people once again

Since the 1990s, there has been a revival of some old urban areas since they have been _____________. redeveloped

The old urban areas attract businesses and people with higher incomes to move back.

Main urban areas

Rural and small urban areas

Old urban areas Suburbs

Quit

Oxford University Press 2009

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

4 Reurbanization: The inner city attracts people once again

Since 1990s, there has been a revival of some old urban areas since they have been _____________. redeveloped This process is known as The old urban areas attract businesses and people with gentrification higher incomes to move_____________. back there.
High-income groups Low-income groups Low-income groups Low-income groups

CBD

Redeveloped
Inner city

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

4 Reurbanization: The inner city attracts people once again

Up urban however, Oldto now,areas are the movement of to ... attractive duepeople back to the inner city is still smallBeing close to the in scale. city centre The process of reurbanization is not very Good transport evident in Hong Kong. services Well-developed infrastructure
A high-class private housing in the redeveloped area of Wan Chai
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The four major processes of urban development

Urbanization

Reurbanization
Main urban areas Rural and small Rural areas urban areas Suburbs

Rural and small Rural areas urban areas

Suburbanization

Counter-urbanization
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Timeline of the four major processes of urban development in Hong Kong

In the early 1970s and before, urbanization Not applicable in Hong With the new town programme,Kongwas the most evident suburbanization was the most process. evident in the 1970s90s.
These urban processes can be found in Hong Kong at Redevelopment sincenot But the scale is the 1990s has facilitated present, though they are of large. reurbanization. different levels of intensity.
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Three Models of Urban Land Use and Structure

a. Concentric Model b. Sector Model c. Multiple Nuclei Model

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Summing Up:
Change of the Internal Structure and Urban Areas of HK Processes of - urbanization - suburbanization - counter-urbanization - reurbanization Models of Urban Land Use and Structure
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Class work
Read the case study: Urban Development in the USA (P.4-32 to P.4-33) Fill in the table of item 2 on P.4-34 to P.4-35.

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The growth and development of the CBD

Since the mid-19th century, Central District has been the city centre of Hong Kong.

Central District in the 19th century

(Credit: The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The growth and development of the CBD

Can you name the following buildings in Central District?

If the game cannot work properly, click here to download the latest Adobe Flash Player.

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The growth and development of the CBD

There is mainly commercial land use, providing ( low / high ) order goods and services.

Why does this kind of land use concentrate in Central District?

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The growth and development of the CBD

(Credit: Lam Man Lok)

( Low / High ) accessibility Prestigious tradition ( Low / High ) demand for land ( Low / High ) land rent

Only high order commercial activities can afford to locate there

Connaught Road Central, Central District

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The growth and development of the CBD

Central District, the CBD, is continuously expanding to the following directions:

Seaward into Victoria Harbour through ___________ reclamation Eastward to __________ Wan Chai Westward to Sheung Wan ____________

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

There are many urban problems in the old urban areas in Hong Kong. Buildings are poorlymaintained, leading to poor living conditions Roads are narrow, causing traffic congestion

Urban decay

Yau Ma Tei
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

The decline of the inner city

There are many urban problems in the old urban areas in Hong Kong.

Urban decay

Please click above for footage

Oxford University Press 2009

Yau Ma Tei
Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

B
a

The decline of the inner city

Decline in population
The whole territory 1996: 6,217,556 2006: 6,864,346 Percentage change: +10.4%

The population of some inner cities in Hong Kong in 1996 and 2006

Sham Shui Po 1996: 365,927 2006: 365,540 Percentage change: _______ -0.1%

Kowloon City 1996: 378,205 2006: 362,501 Percentage change: _______ -4.2% Wan Chai 1996: 171,656 2006: 155,196 Percentage change: _______ -9.6%
Oxford University Press 2009

Source: 2006 The population in the Population By-census, Census and inner cities is declining. Statistics Department, HKSAR Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

B
b

The decline of the inner city

Succession () takes place
This process is known as Filtering () _____________.

Low-income groups High-income groups Middle-income groups

CBD
Oxford University Press 2009

Inner city
Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

C The expansion and reduction of industrial land use

1980s 1960s to 1960 Before 1970s
Factories have begun to Zhujiang relocate to the ________ _______ Region Delta

Sha Tin
Tuen Mun Tsing Yi Tai Kok Tsui San Po Kong Kwun Tong Along Victoria Harbour

Area of industrial land use

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

C The expansion and reduction of industrial land use

Conversion of land use

A new shopping mall in Kowloon Bay

Deserted industrial buildings in Kowloon Bay

Oxford University Press 2009

Abandonment of industrial land

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

C The expansion and reduction of industrial land use

Shek Kip Mei Factory Estate Jockey Club Creative Arts Centre
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

A
a

Outward expansion
Taking up rural areas

If the interactive map overlay cannot work properly, click here to download the latest Adobe Flash Player.

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

A
a

Outward expansion
Taking up rural areas
(Credit: The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (Credit: Liang Wing Hang Yanchap)

Sheung Shui Fanling

Tai Po

Yuen Long Tuen Mun Tsuen Wan Discovery Bay

Sha Tin

Sai Kung Tseung Kwan O

Aberdeen

(Credit: Liang Wing Hang Yanchap)

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Low-density residential areas in suburbs

Please click above for footage

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

A
b

Outward expansion
Reclamation
Do you think that reclamation is a good way to obtain land for urban development?

Hong Kong in 1887 Hong Kong at present

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Are there any effects of reclamation on

the clarity / turbidity of sea water? the marine ecological balance? the scenery? marine safety?

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

Effects
Seawater becomes more turbid. Sunlight cannot go through so easily. The marine ecological balance is upset. Life of marine organisms is affected. The harbour scenery / sea view is affected. It is more liable to marine accidents because of swifter current.

Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

B
a

Intensification of land use

Vertical expansion
118 storeys after completion (ICC)

75 storeys (The Harbour Side) 65 storeys (The Arch)

High-rises in West Kowloon

(Credit: Liang Wing Hang Yanchap)
Oxford University Press 2009

Quit

Part 4

Building a sustainable cityAre environmental conservation and urban development mutually exclusive?

B
b

Intensification of land use

Urban renewal
(Credit: Planning Department) (Credit: Planning Department)

Height of land use Densityof buildings ( decreases / increases )

Redevelop into ...

Late 1990s: Wan Chai Market and its surroundings

Oxford University Press 2009

Present: Being redeveloped into residential buildings

Quit