Dogmas centro/ ond

periphero/
page 6
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W 1he |uepr|nt DNA or ln some
vlruses kNA
W messoqe lo o /etter o/phobet
A1cC AucC
W e messoqe ls /onq veo fot mlcto
otqoolsms lcoll 10
6
cotocets
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W -A___ mecoolsms
fot selftellcoloo ooJ fot toosloloo of
qeoes loo toelos
W 1e Joobleellx ooJ ls loetool self
comlemeootl tovlJloq fot occotoe
tellcoloo
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W 9erfect kep/icotion ls essenLlal for
sLablllLy of lnherlLance
W buL some imperfect rep/icotion or
mechanlsm for lmporL of forelgn geneLlc
maLerlal ls also essenLlal
W lse evoluLlon could noL Lake place ln
asexual organlsms____ ot oo evololoo
o oll
l1
Slide 4
l1 SANCA DE LAR RACHLATA KARA?
SONE WRONC SC!SSORS CUT BY TA!LOR NAY LEAD TO NEW FASH!ON.
lotus, 10/16/2011
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W 1he sLrands ln Lhe doublehellx are
anLlparallel dlrecLlons along each
sLrand are named 3 and 3 (for
poslLlons ln Lhe deoxyrlbose rlng)
W ln LranslaLlon Lo proLeln Lhe unA
sequence ls always read ln Lhe 3 3
dlrecLlon

9urlnes
9yrlmldlnes
1he Leadlng SLrand
manufacLured ln 3 Lo 3
dlrecLlon ls ln Lhe
dlrecLlon of Lhe openlng
of Lhe double hellx
1he Lagglng sLrand ls
manufacLured ln a
dlrecLlon away from Lhe
openlng(? fork)of Lhe
double hellx So lL musL
walL for Lhe openlng of
a porLlon of a sLrand
1haL ls why lL ls made ln
fragmenLs(Ckazakl
fragmenLs)
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W DNA kNA and prote|ns
W 9roLelns sLrucLure and acLlvlLles of
organlsms
W @he genet|c code |s a c|pher a
wrlLLen code ln whlch Lhe leLLers of
a LexL are replaced wlLh oLhers
onverLlng unA Lo 8nA by Lrl l and 8eplace
AuuuAAuAuuuAAuAuuuA
AuAuuuAAuAuuuAAuAu
uuAAuAuuuAAuAuuuAAu
AuuuAAuAuAuuuAAuAu
uuAAuAuuuAAuAuuuAAuAu
uuAAu
9ALINDkCMIC
1 text read|ng same ackward as forward eg
Anna uraw o coward or 23832
2 m|rror|mage DNA seq@ence a segmenL of unA ln
whlch Lhe nucleoLlde sequence ln one sLrand read
from one end ls Lhe same as Lhe sequence ln Lhe
complemenLary sLrand read from Lhe opposlLe
end
lor example Lhe sequence 1A ls a
pallndrome when Lhe complemenLary sLrand ls
A1
Dogmas centra| and per|phera|
W not a|| DNA |s expressed
W MosL genes have introns
___Some reglons of Lhe unA are
llnked Lo conLrol mechanlsms
____and a subsLanLlal amounL ls
junk__ or we do not
understond
W A @
W C one purlne and one pyrlmldlne balances
Lhe shape nelLher Loo blg nor Loo small
W
C P
W
nP2
W
0P 8
W 8P3 Alanlne
W In DNA the mo|ecu|es compr|s|ng the
a|phaet are chem|ca||y s|m||ar and Lhe
sLrucLure of unA ls Lo a flrsL
approxlmaLlon unlform
W 9rote|ns and sLrucLural 8nAs ln
conLrasL show a great var|ety of 3 u
SLrucLure 1hese are necessary Lo
supporL Lhelr very d|verse
funct|ona|]Structura| ro|es
l2
Slide 18
l2 .9ty of st9uctu9 5 P9ot5s du to th 5umb9 of ts co5sttu5ts 20 .m5o .cds, 5 comp.9so5 to th 4 5uclotds of DNA
lotus, 10/24/2011
W 1he amlno acld sequence of a proLeln dlcLaLes
lLs Lhreedlmenslonal sLrucLure
W lor each naLural amlno acld sequence Lhere ls a
unlque sLable naLlve sLaLe LhaL under proper
condlLlons ls adopLed sponLaneously
W lf a purlfled proLeln ls heaLed lL wlll unfold Lo a
dlsordered and blologlcallylnacLlve sLrucLure
W mechanlsms Lo malnLaln nearlyconsLanL
lnLernal Lemp (condlLlons)
W Jhen normal condlLlons are resLored
proLeln molecules wlll generally readopL
Lhe naLlve sLrucLure lndlsLlngulshable
from Lhe orlglnal sLaLe
W 1he funcLlons of proLelns depend on Lhelr
adopLlng Lhe naLlve Lhreedlmenslonal
sLrucLure lor example Lhe naLlve
sLrucLure of an enzyme may have a cavlLy
W enet|cs and Informat|on @echno|ogy
W Llnkages may be found beLween geneLlcs and
lnformaLlon Lechnology 8esearchers are sLrlvlng for
ways Lo Lake advanLage of Lhe facL LhaL genes are
pure lnformaLlon A whole new dlsclpllne ls
evolvlng blolnformaLlcs Lo manage and lnLerpreL
Lhe flood of new blologlcal and genomlc daLa A
sclence of blologlcal compuLlng ls also llkely Lo
evolve and compeLe successfully wlLh slllconbased
compuLlng
W eneLlcs and lnformaLlon Lechnology would work
LogeLher ln advanced compuLers 8lophoLonlc
compuLers uslng blomolecules and phoLonlc
processors could be Lhe fasLesL swlLchlng sysLems
ever bullL
W mot|f mot|f m Lrf
W (lotol mot|fs) oooo
W 1 A8Pl11u8 uSln repeated des|gn a repeaLed
deslgn shape or paLLern 2 PAnul8Al1 uSln sewn or
pr|nted decorat|on a repeLlLlve decoraLlve deslgn sewn
lnLo or prlnLed on someLhlng such as a plece of cloLhlng or
a slngle example of Lhe paLLern Ll18A1u8 theme |n
work of ||terature an lmporLanL and someLlmes recurrlng
Lheme or ldea ln a work of llLeraLure 4 MuSl prom|nent
sequence of notes a shorL promlnenL sequence of noLes
formlng Lhe basls for developmenL ln a plece of muslc
W M|crosoft Lncarta 2009 1992008 M|crosoft
Corporat|on A|| r|ghts reserved
W modu|e
W 1 se|fconta|ned |nterchangea|e un|t an lndependenL unlL LhaL can be
comblned wlLh oLhers and easlly rearranged replaced or lnLerchanged Lo
form dlfferenL sLrucLures or sysLems 2 uuA1lCn short course of study
a shorL course of sLudy LhaL forms parL of a larger academlc course or
Lralnlng program eg any of Lhe elemenLs LhaL form parL of a degree
program A8CS9A part of space veh|c|e one of Lhe selfconLalned
unlLs or crafL LhaL make up a space vehlcle 4 A8Pl11u8 un|t of
measurement a unlL of measuremenL or a sLandard used especlally ln
measurlng archlLecLural elemenLs
W modu|ar
W 1 |nvo|v|ng modu|es made up of separaLe modules LhaL can be
rearranged replaced comblned or lnLerchanged easlly moJolot
coostocloo ecolpoes o moJolot cootse stocote
W pervas|ve
W present everywhere spreadlng wldely or
presenL LhroughouL someLhlng

W u|qu|tous yoo blkwlLss

W oJjeclve
W ex|st|ng everywhere presenL everywhere aL
once or seemlng Lo be
W Mld19Lh cenLury modern LaLln oblpolos
presence everywhere LaLln oblpoe
everywhere obl whereM|crosoft
Lncarta 2009 1992008 M|crosoft
Corporat|on A|| r|ghts reserved
W p|e|otrop|sm
W gene property Lhe phenomenon ln whlch a
slngle gene deLermlnes Lwo or more
apparenLly unrelaLed characLerlsLlcs of Lhe
same organlsm or an lnsLance of Lhls
W
M|crosoft Lncarta 2009 1992008
M|crosoft Corporat|on A|| r|ghts reserved
PA9 2
enome CrganlzaLlon
and voluLlon
W hapLer 2 presenLs Lhe naLure of lndlvldual
genomes lncludlng Lhe Puman enome and
Lhe relaLlonshlps among Lhem from Lhe
blologlcal polnL of vlew
PA9 3 Archlves and
lnformaLlon 8eLrleval
W uslng Lhe Jeb ln blolnformaLlcs lL descrlbes
archlval daLabanks
W and leads Lhe reader Lhrough sample sesslons
lnvolvlng lnformaLlon reLrleval from some of
Lhe ma[or daLabases ln molecular blology
PA9 4 AllgnmenLs
and 9hylogeneLlc 1rees
W analysls of relaLlonshlps among sequences
allgnmenLs and phylogeneLlc Lrees 1hese
meLhods underlle some of Lhe ma[or
compuLaLlonal challenges of blolnformaLlcs
W deLecLlng dlsLanL relaLlves undersLandlng
relaLlonshlps among genomes of dlfferenL
organlsms and
W Lraclng Lhe course of evoluLlon aL Lhe specles
and molecular levels
PA9 3 9roLeln SLrucLure
urug ulscovery
W moves lnLo Lhree dlmenslons LreaLlng proLeln
sLrucLure and foldlng Sequence and sLrucLure
musL be seen as full parLners wlLh blolnformaLlcs
developlng meLhods for movlng back and forLh
beLween Lhem as fluenLly as posslble
W undersLandlng proLeln sLrucLures ln deLall ls
essenLlal for deLermlnlng Lhelr mechanlsms of
acLlon and for cllnlcal and pharmacologlcal
appllcaLlons