Myocardial nfarction Myocardial nfarction

:tline :tline
What is an M (or) Heart What is an M (or) Heart
Attack Attack
What are the ca:ses? What are the ca:ses?
Patho Patho- -physiology (disease physiology (disease
process) process)
What are the signs & What are the signs &
symptoms? symptoms?
Management of diagnosis Management of diagnosis
& treatment & treatment
(How is it diagnosed & how (How is it diagnosed & how
is it treated?) is it treated?)
What is a M / Heart Attack? What is a M / Heart Attack?
A heart attack (a.k.a. Myocardial nfarction) is A heart attack (a.k.a. Myocardial nfarction) is
the death of heart m:scle from a s:dden the death of heart m:scle from a s:dden
blockage of a coronary artery. blockage of a coronary artery.
Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart
m:scle of blood & oxygen, ca:sing inj:ry to the m:scle of blood & oxygen, ca:sing inj:ry to the
heart m:scle. heart m:scle.
tiology (ca:se) tiology (ca:se)
Risk factors for developing heart attacks Risk factors for developing heart attacks
are: are:
1. 1. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis
2. 2. Angina Angina
3. 3. HBC (High Blood Cholesterol) A high HBC (High Blood Cholesterol) A high
level of cholesterol in the blood level of cholesterol in the blood
4. 4. HBP (High Blood HBP (High Blood
Press:re/Hypertension) Press:re/Hypertension)
5. 5. Tobacco Use (Smoking) Tobacco Use (Smoking)
6. 6. Diabetes Diabetes
7. 7. Family History of Heart Disease Family History of Heart Disease
tiology tiology (cont'd) (cont'd)
Patho Patho- -physiology physiology
(disease process ) (disease process )
1. 1. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis:
Which is a grad:al Which is a grad:al
process of plaq:es or process of plaq:es or
collections of collections of
cholesterol are cholesterol are
deposited in the artery deposited in the artery
walls. walls.
Artery
Wall
Fatty
Deposits
of plaq:e
ndotheli:m
(nner artery
wall lining)
Cross Section of Artery
With Atherosclerosis
Patho Patho- -physiology physiology
(cont'd) (cont'd)
2. 2. Angina Angina
This is chest pain This is chest pain
that occ:rs when the that occ:rs when the
blood & oxygen s:pply blood & oxygen s:pply
to the heart m:scle to the heart m:scle
cannot keep :p with the cannot keep :p with the
needs of the heart needs of the heart
m:scle. m:scle.
plaq:e
Artery wall
endotheli:m
Signs & Symptoms Signs & Symptoms
Common symptoms Common symptoms
of atherosclerosis & of atherosclerosis &
angina are: angina are:
1. 1. Press:re, heaviness, Press:re, heaviness,
sq:eezing or aching sq:eezing or aching
across the chest. across the chest.
2. 2. Pain may travel to the Pain may travel to the
neck, jaw, arms, back, neck, jaw, arms, back,
even teeth, and may even teeth, and may
be accompanied by be accompanied by
shortness of breath, shortness of breath,
na:sea, or cold na:sea, or cold sweat. sweat.
Signs & Symptoms Signs & Symptoms
(cont'd) (cont'd)
Angina can also occ:r Angina can also occ:r
d:ring rest. Angina at d:ring rest. Angina at
rest more commonly rest more commonly
indicates that a indicates that a
coronary artery has coronary artery has
been narrowed to a been narrowed to a
critical degree. The critical degree. The
heart is heart is NT NT
receiving eno:gh receiving eno:gh
oxygen even at rest. oxygen even at rest.
Management (Diagnosis) Management (Diagnosis)
Severe chest pain is :s:ally a sign that Severe chest pain is :s:ally a sign that
a M or heart attack is occ:rring, and a M or heart attack is occ:rring, and
tests can be performed that will confirm tests can be performed that will confirm
the M. the M.
When symptoms of a heart attack do When symptoms of a heart attack do
not incl:de chest pain, the heart attack not incl:de chest pain, the heart attack
may not be s:spected and appropriate may not be s:spected and appropriate
tests may not be performed. tests may not be performed.
The initial step in diagnosing a heart The initial step in diagnosing a heart
attack is to be s:spicio:s that one has attack is to be s:spicio:s that one has
occ:rred. occ:rred.
FY FY
Abo:t 160,440 people die Abo:t 160,440 people die
each year from a heart each year from a heart
attack. attack.
Management (Diagnosis) Management (Diagnosis)
(cont'd) (cont'd)
( (Pic #1 Pic #1) The patient clearly has risk factors for ) The patient clearly has risk factors for
coronary artery disease coronary artery disease, symptoms s:ggestive of , symptoms s:ggestive of
angina angina and and an abnormal an abnormal ECG. ECG.
Pic #2) Pic #2) CG as it appears while patient is having a CG as it appears while patient is having a
.. D:ring D:ring eart eart attack attack, notice the , notice the atrial & ventricular atrial & ventricular
spikes. spikes.
( (Pic #3) Pic #3) The patient has had a The patient has had a . .
Upside
down ST
Segment
Post Myocardial nfarction
Post Myocardial nfarction
Management (Diagnosis) Management (Diagnosis)
(cont'd) (cont'd)
There are different ways to diagnose a There are different ways to diagnose a
heart attack. heart attack.
1. 1. lectrocardiogram lectrocardiogram (CG/G) (CG/G)
2. 2. Blood Tests Blood Tests
The most important factor in diagnosing The most important factor in diagnosing
a heart attack is prompt medical attn a heart attack is prompt medical attn
Management (Treatment) Management (Treatment)
B:t, what is an B:t, what is an Electrocardiogram Electrocardiogram
(CG/G)? (CG/G)?
1. 1. t is a recording of the electrical activity of t is a recording of the electrical activity of
the heart. the heart.
2. 2. t can identify the areas of t can identify the areas of eart muscle eart muscle
that are deprived of oxygen &/or areas of that are deprived of oxygen &/or areas of
m:scle that have died. m:scle that have died.
3. 3. t can also give a sec:re diagnosis of a t can also give a sec:re diagnosis of a
heart attack, it can be made q:ickly in heart attack, it can be made q:ickly in
the the ER ER so treatment can be started so treatment can be started
immediately. immediately.
Management (Treatment) Management (Treatment)
(cont'd) (cont'd)
How is a heart attack treated? How is a heart attack treated?
1. 1. Anti Anti- -platelet medications to prevent platelet medications to prevent
formation of blood clots in the arteries. formation of blood clots in the arteries.
2. 2. Anti Anti- -coag:lants to prevent growth of coag:lants to prevent growth of
blood clots in the arteries. blood clots in the arteries.
3. 3. Clot Clot- - dissolving medications to open dissolving medications to open
blocked arteries. blocked arteries.
4. 4. Medications to prevent abnormal heart Medications to prevent abnormal heart
rhythms. rhythms.
5. 5. S:pplemental oxygen to increase the S:pplemental oxygen to increase the
s:pply of oxygen to the heart m:scle. s:pply of oxygen to the heart m:scle.
Concl:sion
So as we have disc:ssed & learned
what an M is, how it's diagnosed &
treated, what will yo: do to prevent
one or at the least lower yo:r
chances of having one?
We can all do o:r own part in
answering that q:estion for o:rselves.
Thank Yo: