Chapter-7A

Networking Basics
 Networks

A group of two or more computer

systems linked together.
 Data Backup
In information technology, backup refers
to making copies of data so that these
additional copies may be used to restore
the original after a data loss event. These
additional copies are typically called
"backups." Backups are useful primarily
for two purposes. The first is to restore a
computer to an operational state following
a disaster (called disaster recovery). The
second is to restore small numbers of files
after they have been accidentally deleted
 Data Backup
Open file backup
Many backup software packages feature the ability to back up
open files..
Cold database backup
During a cold backup, the database is closed or locked and not
available to users.
Hot database backup
Some database management systems offer a means to generate
a backup image of the database while it is online and usable
("hot").
 Types Of Network
LAN
A computer network that spans a relatively small area.
Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of
buildings. However, one LAN can be connected to other
LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio
waves.
Most LANs connect workstations and personal
computers. Each node (individual computer ) in a LAN
has its own CPU with which it executes programs, but it
also is able to access data and devices anywhere on the
LAN. This means that many users can share expensive
devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can
also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by
sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.
LAN
 WAN

A computer network that spans a

relatively large geographical area.
Typically, a WAN consists of two or more
local-area networks (LANs). Computers
connected to a wide-area network are
often connected through public networks,
such as the telephone system. They can
also be connected through leased lines or
satellites. The largest WAN in existence is
the Internet.
WAN
 Campus Area Network(CANs)
Acronym for campus-area
network. An interconnection of
local-area networks within a
limited geographical space, such
as a school campus or a military
base.
 Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

Short for Metropolitan Area

Network, a data network designed
for a town or city. In terms of
geographic breadth, MANs are
larger than local-area networks
(LANs), but smaller than wide-
area networks (WANs).
 Home Area Network(HANs)
Short for home area network. A HAN is a
network contained within a user's home
that connects a person's digital devices,
from multiple computers and their
peripheral devices to telephones, VCRs,
televisions, video games, home security
systems, "smart" appliances, fax
machines and other digital devices that
are wired into the network.
 Intranet
Network based on belonging to an
organization, usually a corporation,
accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with
authorization. An intranet's Web sites
look and act just like any other Web
sites, but the firewall surrounding an
intranet fends off unauthorized
access.
 Extranet
An intranet that is partially accessible to
authorized outsiders. Whereas an intranet is
accessible only to people who are members of
the same company or organization, an extranet
provides various levels of accessibility to
outsiders. You can access an extranet only if
you have a valid username and password, and
your identity determines which parts of the
extranet you can view. Extranets are becoming a
very popular means for business partners to
exchange information.
How Network Are Structured
 Server-Based Network

User gain access to files, printers

and other network based objects
by obtaining permission given
through a centrally controlled
server.
 Client/server Network
A network architecture in which each
computer or process on the network is
either a client or a server. Servers are
powerful computers or processes
dedicated to managing disk drives (file
servers), printers (print servers), or
network traffic (network server ). Clients
are PCs or workstations on which users
run applications. Clients rely on servers
for resources, such as files, devices, and
even processing power.
Client/server Network
 Peer to Peer Network

Often referred to simply as peer-

to-peer, or abbreviated P2P, a
type of network in which each
workstation has equivalent
capabilities and responsibilities.
Peer to Peer Network
 TOPOLOGIES
Topology refers to the shape of a network, or the
network's layout. How different nodes in a network are
connected to each other and how they communicate are
determined by the network's topology. Topologies are
either physical or logical. Below are diagrams of the five
most common network topologies.
Mesh Topology
Devices are connected with many redundant
interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh
topology every node has a connection to every other
node in the network.
 Star Topology
All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate
across the network by passing data through the hub.
 Bus Topology
All devices are connected to a central
cable, called the bus or backbone.
 Ring Topology
All devices are connected to one another
in the shape of a closed loop, so that each
device is connected directly to two other
devices, one on either side of it.
 Tree Topology
A hybrid topology. Groups of star-
configured networks are connected to a
linear bus backbone.
 Protocol
An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The
protocol determines the following:
the type of error checking to be used
data compression method, if any
how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a
message
how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message
There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can
choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example,
some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.
From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is
that your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to
communicate with other computers.
 TCP/IP
pronounced as separate letters) Short for
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol, the suite of communications protocols
used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP
uses several protocols, the two main ones being
TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX
operating system and is used by the Internet,
making it the standard (format, language)for
transmitting data over networks.
 IPX/SPX
Short for Internet work Packet Exchange, a networking
protocol used by the Novell NetWare operating systems.
IPX is datagram protocol used for connectionless
communications.

Short for Sequenced Packet Eexchange, a transport

layer protocol used in Novell Netware networks. The
SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer and provides
connection-oriented services between two nodes on the
network. SPX is used primarily by client/server
applications.
Whereas the IPX protocol is similar to IP, SPX is
similar to TCP. Together, therefore, IPX/SPX provides
connection services similar to TCP/IP.
 NetBIOS/NetBEUI
Pronounced net-booey, NetBEUI is short for
NetBios Extended User Interface. It is an
enhanced version of the NetBIOS protocol
(Network Basic Input Output System)used by
network operating systems such Windows 95
and Windows NT.
Netbeui was originally designed by IBM for
their Lan Manager server and later extended by
Microsoft and Novell.
 Network Media

Twisted Pair wire

coaxial Cable
Fiber optic cable
 Twisted pair wire
A type of cable that consists of two
independently insulated wires twisted around
one another. The use of two wires twisted
together helps to reduce crosstalk and
electromagnetic induction. While twisted-pair
cable is used by older telephone networks and is
the least expensive type of local-area network
(LAN) cable, most networks contain some
twisted-pair cabling at some point along the
network.
Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial Cable
A type of wire that consists of a center
wire surrounded by insulation and then a
grounded shield of braided wire. The
shield minimizes electrical and radio
frequency interference. Coaxial cabling is
the primary type of cabling used by the
cable television industry and is also widely
used for computer networks, such as
Ethernet. Although more expensive than
standard telephone wire, it is much less
susceptible to interference and can carry
Coaxial Cable.
 Fiber optic cable
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A
fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is
capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. Fiber optics
has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines:
Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
This means that they can carry more data.
Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference.
Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires.
Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data)
rather than analogically.
The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to
install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire.
Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area networks.
In addition, telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional
telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all
communications will employ fiber optics.
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
 Wireless Media
The word wireless is dictionary
defined as "having no wires". In
networking terminology, wireless is
the term used to describe any
computer network where there is no
physical wired connection between
sender and receiver, but rather the
network is connected by radio waves
and/or microwaves to maintain
communications.
 NIC Card

Often abbreviated as NIC, an

expansion board you insert into a
computer so the computer can be
connected to a network. Most
NICs are designed for a
particular type of network,
protocol.
NIC Card
 Network Linking Device

HUB
Bridge
Switches
Router
 HUB
A common connection point for
devices in a network. Hubs are
commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN. A hub
contains multiple ports. When a
packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that
all segments of the LAN can see
all packets
HUB
 Switch

In networks, a device that filters

and forwards packets between
LAN segments
 Bridge
A device that connects two local-
area networks (LANs), or two
segments of the same LAN that
use the same protocol.
Bridge
 Router
A device that forwards data packets along
networks. A router is connected to at least two
networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a
LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located
at gateways, the places where two or more
networks connect.
Routers use headers and forwarding tables to
determine the best path for forwarding the
packets, and they use protocols to communicate
with each other and configure the best route
between any two hosts.
Very little filtering of data is done through
routers.
Router
 UTP Cable
Short for unshielded twisted pair, a
popular type of cable that consists of two
unshielded wires twisted around each
other. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is
used extensively for local-area networks
(LANs) and telephone connections. UTP
cabling does not offer as high bandwidth
or as good protection from interference as
coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less
expensive and easier to work with.
Examplke-twisted cable likeCAT5,CAT6
cable
 RJ-45 Connector

Short for Registered Jack-45, an

eight-wire connector used commonly
to connect computers onto a local-
area networks (LAN), especially
Ethernets. RJ-45 connectors look
similar to the RJ-11 connectors used
for connecting telephone equipment,
but they are somewhat wider.
RJ45 Connector
 Gateway
A node on a network that serves as an entrance
to another network. In enterprises, the gateway
is the computer that routes the traffic from a
workstation to the outside network that is
serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is
the ISP that connects the user to the internet. In
enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a
proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also
associated with both a router, which use headers
and forwarding tables to determine where
packets are sent, and a switch, which provides
the actual path for the packet in and out of the
gateway.