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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : K. Srinivas
Designation : Senior Lecturer
Branch : DCCP
Institute : SGM Govt. Polytechnic,
Abdullapurmet
Year/Semester : II Yr / III Semester
Subject : Quantitative Techniques - I
Sub.Code : CCP 303
Topic : Mode
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub-Topic : Bi-Modal Distribution, ill-
defined Mode
Teaching Aids : PPT & Animations
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Objectives :
On Completion of this period, you would be
able to understand:
 Bi-Modal distribution
 How Mode value is ascertained when Mode is
ill-defined
 Mode formula based on AM ( X ), Median (M)
and Mode (Z)

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Recap :

 Calculation of Mode for Continuous Series

f 1– f 0
 Formula: Mo = L + -------------------- X i
2f1 – f0 – f2

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Recap

 While applying the formula, class intervals


should be uniform throughout
 If unequal, should be made equal
 Assume that frequencies are equally
distributed
 Otherwise, gives misleading results

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Bi-modal Distribution –
Meaning:
 Two values occur with equal frequency

 Distribution is called “bimodal”


Class (x) Fncy (f)
 Eg:
10-20 7
20-30 9
30-40 9

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Bimodal Contd:

 Value of Mode cannot be determined as


in Continuous series
 Suitable for plotting on graph
 Data will be under question

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Bimodal Distribution :

Figure 1
CCP303.46 7
Picture courtesy: “Statistical Methods” by SP Gupta
What is Multimodal?

 More than 2 values with same highest


frequency
 Such distribution is called Multimodal
 Eg: Class (x) Fncy (f)
10-20 7
20-30 9
30-40 9
40-50 9

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What if Nothing can be done?

 Where distribution is bi-modal


 If nothing can be done to change it
 Don’t use Mode as a measure of Central
Tendency

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What if Mode is ill-defined?
 Calculate Mode by formula
 Based on EMPERICAL relationship of Mean,
Median & Mode
 Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
 This measure is called Empirical Mode

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Example 1:

 From the data of weight of 122 persons,


determine Modal weight

Weight No. of Weight No. of


(lbs.) persons (lbs.) persons
100 – 110 4 140 – 150 33

110 – 120 6 150 – 160 27


120 – 130 20 160 – 170 8

130 - 140 32 170 – 180 2

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Solution to Ex. 1

 By Inspection,
 Difficult to identify Modal class
 because frequencies highly
concentrated
 Between 130 - 140 and 140 – 150
 Therefore, to calculate Mode, prepare
 Grouping table
 Analysis table

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Grouping Table :
No. of persons
Weight(lbs) Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5 Col 6
100 – 110 4 10
110 -120 6 26 30
120 -130 20 52 58 85

130 -140 32 55
140 – 150 33 50 82
150 – 160 17 25 58

160 – 170 8 10 27
170 - 180 2

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Analysis Table :
 Identify class in which Mode is expected to lie
 Don’t consider All the classes
 Consider Only those in which Mode is expected
to lie
 Zero in on classes 100 – 110, 150 – 160

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Analysis Table :
Column 120 –130 130 –140 140 - 150
No.
1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
Total 3 5 5

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Solution Contd:

 Since frequency (5) is equal in two classes


(130-140 & 140-150), this is a bimodal series
 Calculate Mode using Emperical method
formula
 Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
 Median = Size of N/2th item
= Size of 122/2 item
= Size of 61st item

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Solution Contd:

 Hence, Median lies in the class 130 – 140

N/2 – c.f.
 Median = L + ---------------------- X i
f

 L = 130, N/2 = 61, c.f. = 30, f =32, i = 10

(61 – 30)
 Median = 130 + -------------- X 10
32
= 130 + (312 / 32) = 139.69

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Solution Contd:

Calculation of AM
Weight(lbs) No. of Persons
f m d’ fd’
100 – 110 4 105 -3 -12
110 – 120 6 115 -2 -12
120 – 130 20 125 -1 -20
130 – 140 32 135 0 0
140 – 150 33 145 1 33
150 – 160 17 155 2 34
160 – 170 8 165 3 24
170 – 180 2 175 4 8
N = 122 ∑fd’ = 55

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Solution Contd:

 AM = A + ( ∑fd’ / N ) X C
 A = 135, ∑fd’ = 55, N = 122, C = 10
 AM ( X ) = 135 + ( 55 / 122 ) X 10
= 135 + 4.51 = 139.51

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Solution Contd:

Calculation of Mode:
 Mode = 3Median – 2Mean
 Z = 3 (M) – 2 ( X )

 Mode (Z) = 3(139.69) – 2(139.51)


= 419.07 – 279.2
= 140.05  modal weight

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Summary

 Calculation of Mode when Mode is ill-defined


is possible thro’ Emperical Method formula
 Z = 3 (M) – 2 ( X )

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Quiz

1. If 2 values occur with equal frequency, it


is called:
a) Uni-modal
b) Bi-modal
c) Multi-modal
d) None of the above

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Quiz

2. If more than Two values have highest


frequency. It is called:
a) Uni-modal
b) Bi-modal
c) Multi-modal
d) None of the above

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Quiz

1. Formula to ascertain the value of mode


when it is ill-defined:
a) Mode = 3Median – 2Mean
b) Efx/N
c) None of the above

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Frequently Asked Questions :

1. What is Bimodal Distribution?


2. What is Multimodal Distribution?
3. What is Empirical Mode? Explain

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Assignment :

1. Calculate Modal Value

Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

f 6 14 20 24 26 16 16

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Assignment :

2. Find Mode from the following:

Size of 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80


the item
frequency 7 9 10 6 13 10 12 7

CCP303.46 27

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