1

Revision Exercises
Solve for the following variables

1. 2(y+3) > 20
2. (3x-2)/x >5
2. 2(a+1) - 3(a+2) = 18
4. 7/x + 2 = 3/x
5. (2x+5)/3 - (x+2)/7 = 4

2
QCF157
Week 3
Relations and Functions
CRICOS No 00213J
3
Set Notation
Sets are often denoted by capital letters
for example, A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {3,4,5}
1e A reads "1 is an element of set A"
1e B reads "1 is not an element set B"
A B reads "A union B" = {1,2,3,4,5}
A B reads "A intersection B" = {3,4}"
A \ {3,4} reads "set A less set containing 3
&4" = {1,2}


4
Real Number System
Subsets
N = {1,2,3.} also Z
+

Set of natural or counting numbers
W = {0,1,2,3.} also Z
+
U {0}
Set of whole numbers
Z
-
= { ... -3, -2, -1 }
Set of negative integers
Z = { ... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
Set of integers

5
Q = set of rational numbers
This set contains all quotients of integers
i.e. a/b where a,be Z
The decimal representation terminates or
repeats itself
e.g. 5/2= 2.5, 1/3= 0.3, I/7=0.142857142857
I = set of irrational numbers
The decimal representation does not terminate
or repeat itself.
e.g. t = 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 .....and \2
The combination of Q and I gives us the real
numbers R
6
Describing Sets

x
0 1 2 -1 -2 3 -3
{x: x > -1} ( -1, )
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 -1 -2 -3
-1 -2 -3
x
{x: x 2} ( -, 2 ]
x
{x: -2 x 3} [ -2, 3 ]
Examples:
Ex17.1
7
Relations and Functions
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
eg. {(7,3),(5,-4),(9,3),(-10,2),(12,-4),(9,6)}
The domain of a relation is the set of the
first numbers of the ordered pairs.
eg. the domain is {7, 5, 9, -10,12, 9}
The range of a relation is the set of the
second numbers of the ordered pairs.
eg. the range is {3, -4, 3, 2, -4, 6}
The values of x form the domain
The values of y form the range


8
Cartesian Plane
The x-axis is the horizontal and the y-axis is the vertical
Each point has x and y coordinates, P(x,y) is the
ordered pair
The point P ( 1 , 2 ) is in the first quadrant
The origin is where the x and y axis cross
The y-intercept is where a curve crosses the y axis
The x intercept is where a curve crosses the x axis
X axis
Y axis
First Quadrant
Second quadrant
Third quadrant
Fourth quadrant
9
Representation of a Relation
1.A relation can be represented by a table of
values

x 7 5 9 10 12 9
y 3 -4 3 2 -4 6
2.A relation can be represented by a cartesian
plane graph
.
.
.
.
x
y
(9 , 3 )
10
Representation of a Relation
3. A relation can be represented by a mapping
diagram.
4. A relation may be represented by an
equation e.g. y = x +1, y = x
11
Functions
A function is a special type of relation and can be
represented the same way. Defined as
1. No two ordered pairs in the set have the same first
element
Is the relation {(7,3),(5,-4),(9,3)} a function?
Is the relation {(7,3),(5,-4),(9,3),(-10,2),(12,-4),(9,6)} a
function?
2. For each value of x there is only one value of y
Is the relation y = x+1 a function?
Is the relation y = x a function?
3. Graphically a vertical line will cut the graph only once
see previous Cartesian plane graph
12
Examples
1.Jason is in love with Jenny. He phones her several
times each day. Each time he phones her it costs
25c. How can we represent the relation between the
number of calls and the total cost?
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 0.25 0.50 0.75
ii) A list of ordered pairs
{(0,0),(1,0.25),(2,0.5),(3,0.75)}
i) A table
iii) A formula C = 0.25 n
iv) A graph
Is the relation a function?
What is the domain and range
.
.
.
13
Function Notation
Referring to the telephone example
C = f(n) reads C is a function of n
f is the name of the function
0.25n is the function rule
What is the cost of 6 phone calls?
C = f(6) =0.25 6 = 1.5 ($1.50)
n is the independent variable (horizontal axis )
C is the dependent variable (vertical axis )
n is a discrete variable, ie a variable that can
only take fixed values and nothing in
between. eg number of people, age in years

14
Function Notation
A continuous variable is a variable that can
conceivably take any real values in a given range
eg height, weight
Example Lisa is to make a dress and the cost of
the material is $9.50 per metre. Writing this as a
function with a function rule.
C = g(x) = 9.5x
What is the cost of material if 3.5 metres is used?
C = g(3.5) = 33.5 ($33.50)
Name the dependent and independent variable?
Is the variable discrete or continuous?
15
Function Notation
Elements of the domain are values of the
independent variable.

Elements of the range are the dependent
variable.

y = f(x) y is a function of x
function named f variable named x
16
Examples












) 2 (
1
5
1
2
2

=
+ =
=
+ =
=
=
x
y
x y
x
y
x y
x y
x y
} 0 /{ }, 2 /{
} 0 { , 5
} 0 /{ }, 0 /{
2 , ,
} 0 { }, 0 {
,
R y R x
R y x
R y R x
y R y R x
R y R x
R y R x
e e
e >
e e
> e e
e e
e e
+
+ +
Find the domain and range for the following functions

17
Function Notation
Example:
f(x) = 4x 3

Find (i) f(2) (ii) f(0) (iii) f(a)

(i) f(2) = 4.(2) 3 = 5
(ii) f(0) = 4.(0) 3 = -3
(iii) f(a) = 4a - 3

18
Exercises


Ex 3.1
Ex 3.2
19
Continuity
A function is continuous if the curve can
be drawn without lifting pen from paper
A discontinuous curve has points that
do not exist . These are called points of
discontinuity
E.g. y = 1/x
y =1/(x-2)



Activity 3
20
Inverse Functions
Let X be a set of boys
X = {a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, b, c
1
,c
2
}
Let Y be the set of the boys fathers
Y = {A, B, C}
The relation that Y is the father of X gives
the set of ordered pairs
{ (a
1
,A) (a
2
,A) (a
3
,A) (b,B) (c
1
,C) (c
2
,C) }
and this describes a function since each
element in the domain corresponds
exactly to one element in the range.
21
Inverse Functions
The inverse of this relation, that Y is the
son of X gives the set of ordered pairs
{ (A,a
1
) (A,a
2
) (A,a
3
) (B,b) (C,c
1
) (C,c
2
)
Note the new domain of the inverse is
X = {A, B, C} which was the range of the
function
And the range of the inverse is
Y = {a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, b, c
1
,c
2
} which was the
domain of the function
22
Inverse Functions
The inverse of a function is the relation
obtained by interchanging the x and y
variables of the function
Algebraically we find the inverse of a function
by swapping x and y
eg f(x) = x + 1
Let y = x + 1 become x = y + 1 which we
then express with y as the subject
y = x - 1 = f
1
(x)
Note the inverse function notation can only be
used if the new function is an inverse. Not all
inverses will be functions.

23
Example

Find the inverse of y = 2x +2 and f(x) = x
2
Are these inverses functions?
Is the inverse of y = x
2
, x > 0 a function?

24
y = 2x + 2, x R, y R
Inverse x = 2y + 2
2y = x 2
y = x/2 1 x R, y R

f(x) = x
2
, x R, y 0
Inverse x = y
2

y = x x 0, y R

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Graphing Inverse Functions
What do you notice about a function and
its inverse with respect to the line y = x?

y=x
Handout