Mugnetic muteriuIs

Magnetism: ntroduction; concept of magnetism;

magnetic permeability and susceptibility.
Classification of magnetic materials: Langevin theory of
diamagnetism.
Langevin's theory of paramagnetism.
Weiss theory of paramagnetism.
Quantum theory of paramagnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials.
Origin of internal field and exchange interaction.
Ferromagnetic domains (Weiss hypothesis).
Domain theory; Bloch wall
Ferrimagnetism, ferrites, garnets.
Antiferromagnetic materials; Hysteresis.
Magnetic storage and applications.
$ection-1 Basics-1
Why are we interested about magnetic
materiaIs?
Magnetism & Magnetic MateriaIs
Theories of magnetism
Weber's Theory
Domain Theory
MentaI exercise (Some Questions?)
A microscopic Iook of magnetic effect;
1. OrbitaI Motion of eIectrons
2. Spin motion of eIectrons
3. Motion of the nucIei.
Why are we interested about magnetic
materials?
Modern computers, tape recorders, and video
reproduction equipment use magnetized
tape.
High-fidelity speakers use magnets to convert
amplifier outputs into audible sound.
Electrical motors use magnets to convert
electrical energy into mechanical motion.
Generators use magnets to convert
mechanical motion into electrical energy.
Magnetism & Magnetic MateriaIs
Magnetism is generally defined as that property of a
material which enables it to attract pieces of iron.
Magnetism: arises from the magnetic moment of
magnetic materials
A material possessing this property is known as a
MAGNET.
( The word originated with the ancient Greeks, who
found stones possessing this characteristic).
Materials that are attracted by a magnet, such as iron,
steel, nickel, and cobalt, have the ability to become
magnetized. These are called magnetic materiaIs.
Materials, such as paper, wood, glass, or tin, which
are not attracted by magnets, are considered
nonmagnetic. Nonmagnetic materiaIs are not able to
become magnetized.
Magnetic MateriaIs:
Classified into five different categories based on the
existence of magnetic dipole moment:
Diamagnetic
Para magnetic,
Ferromagnetic,
Anti-ferromagnetic,
Ferrimagnetic materials
Materials in which a state of magnetization can be
induced are called magnetic material, when magnetised
such materials create magnetic field in surrounding
space.
Materials which gets magnetized in magnetic field.
Magnetic dipoIes & dipoIe moment:
Two opposite magnetic poIes of strength m and the
Iength of magnet L is represented by magnetic dipoIe

m
= mL
Magnetic moment can aIso be defined as;

where I - eIectric current fIows through circuIar wire of one turn

&
A - area of cross section
Magnetic dipoIe is a vector quantitiy
Magnetic fIux density (Magnetic Induction):
The magnitude of internaI fieId strength within a
substance that is subjected to an magnetic fieId (H).
or
No. of magnetic Iines of force passing through a unit area
of cross section is given by
B = O / A ; web/m
2
Magnetic fieId strength; H = NI/L
THEORIES OF MAGNETISM
Weber's Theory
Weber's theory assumes that all
magnetic substances are composed of
tiny molecular magnets.
Any un-magnetized material has the
magnetic forces of its molecular magnets
neutralized by adjacent molecular
magnets, thereby eliminating any
magnetic effect.
A magnetized material will have most of
its molecular magnets lined up so that the
north pole of each molecule points in one
direction, and the south pole faces the
opposite direction.
A material with its molecules thus aligned
will then have one effective north pole,
and one effective south pole.
Domain Theory
t is based on the electron spin principle.
From the study of atomic structure it is known
that all matter is composed of vast quantities
of atoms, each atom containing one or more
orbital electrons.
The electrons are considered to orbit in
various shells and sub-shells. t has been
experimentally proven that an electron has a
magnetic field about it along with an electric
field.
The effectiveness of the magnetic field of an
atom is determined by the number of electrons
spinning in each direction.
f an atom has equal numbers of electrons
spinning in opposite directions, the magnetic
fields surrounding the electrons cancel one
another, and the atom is unmagnetized.
However, if more electrons spin in one
direction than another, the atom is
magnetized.
Basics: 2
ReIation between B,H & M
A microscopic Iook of magnetic effect;
1. OrbitaI Motion of eIectrons
2. Spin motion of eIectrons
3. Motion of the nucIei.
:Basics:
ReIation Between B,H &M
PermeabiIity & susceptibiIity
A magnetic fieId can be described either
by B (magnetic induction) or
by H (magnetic field intensity),
B=3

H
Where 3

is permeability of free space
When a material medium is placed in a magnetic field the
medium is magnetized. The magnetic induction inside the
medium is
B= 3

H+ 3

M
M is magnetization vector.
Magnetization is induced by field and is proportional to H
M=/H
Where / is called magnetic $usceptibility.
The ratio of the Magnetization produced in a sampIe to the
magnetic fieId strength
Therefore B=3

(1+ /)H or B= 3H
where 3=3

(1+ /) = Absolute permeability

3 is a property of the medium through which H passes.
The readiness of a material to accept magnetism is
expressed as its permeability
Relative permeability 3
r
is defined as the ratio of 3 and
3

. Therefore, 3
r
= 3/ 3

=(1+ /).
A microscopic look
To understand how a magnet works look at it
deeply. Look at the individual atoms.
Do they have any magnetic effect?
Yes, they have because a moving charge has a
magnetic effect.
n an atom magnetic effect may arise due to
1. Effective current loop of electrons in atomic
orbit (orbital Motion of electrons)
2. Electron spin
3. Motion of the nuclei.
Magnetic moments and angular momentum-
1(Orbital Motion)
I
f a charge particle is moving in a
circular orbit (e.g electron around
a nucleus), there is a definite
ratio between the magnetic
moment 3 and angular
momentum .
r
v

3
m,q
For any circular
orbit the magnetic
moment 3 is q/2m
times .
m
q
J

3
How can we get it?
Angular momentum is directed perpendicular to the
plane of the orbit and
J=mvr.
Magnetic moment of the same orbit is current times area.
J
m
q
qvr
r A Area
r
v
q I

3
3 6
6
(velocity)
r
v

3
m,q
n case of electron orbiting around the nucleus
This constant is called gyromagnetic ratio.

.4389
m
e
J
el

3
r
v

3
m, -e
Magnetic moments and angular momentum
for eIectron spin
The electron also has a spin rotation about its
own axis, as a result of that spin it has both an
angular momentum and a magnetic moment.
But for reasons that are purely quantum
mechanical, The ratio between 3 to for
electron spin is twice as large as it is for a orbital
motion of the spinning electron:
J
m
e
3
uclear motion
n nuclei there are protons and neutrons
which may move around in some kind of
orbit
and at the same time, like an electron
have an intrinsic spin. Again the
magnetic moment is parallel to the
angular momentum and we have

1a.94r g 3:.lear i8 g J
m
e
g
p

3
What happens in a real atom?
n any atom, several electrons and some
combination of spin and orbital rotations builds
up the total magnetic moment.
The direction of the angular momentum is
opposite to that of magnetic moment.
Due to the mixture of the contribution from the
orbits and spins the ratio of 3 to J is neither -
e/m nor e/2m.
1a.94r g la3/e .alle/ i8 g
g where J
m
e
g

A A

3
Lande`s equation
- Experimental method
Gyromagnetic eIIect Magnetic resonance
)
) ) )

J J
L L S S J J
g
Measurement of g factor
Ex. f $=1, L=1, J=,1,2 g= 1, 1.5, 1.5
$ummary-2
A microscopic Iook of magnetic effect;
1. OrbitaI Motion of eIectrons
2. Spin motion of eIectrons
3. Motion of the nucIei.
4. for reaI atom;
1a.94r g la3/e .alle/ i8 g
g where J
m
e
g

A A

3
g
g
J
m
q
qvr
r A Area
r
v
q I

3
3 6
6
(velocity)
r
v

3
m,q
B=3

H, B= 3

H+ 3

M, M=/H
B=3

(1+ /)H or B= 3H, 3=3

(1+ /), 3
r
= 3/ 3

=(1+ /)
Classification of Magnetic materials
Diamagnetic: / is negative
(/=-3.6 for Au, -3.2 for Hg, -.2X1
-8
for water)
Diamagnetic materiaIs:
ndicate the very weak magnetization in the opposite
direction to the applied field. They donot possess permanent
magnetic dipoles. Magnetic dipole moment of the atoms is
zero.
$pecifically, an external magnetic field alters the orbital
velocity of electrons around their nuclei, thus changing the
magnetic dipole moment in the direction opposing the
external field.
Paramagnetic substance: / is positive but not very large
(/=2.2X1
-5
for Al, 98 for Mn).
Paramagnetismis a form of magnetism which occurs
only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic
field.
Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic
fields. The force of attraction generated by the applied
field is linear in the field strength and rather weak.
Paramagnets do not retain any magnetization in the
absence of an externally applied magnetic field,
because thermal motion causes the spins to become
randomly oriented without it.
Magnetization will drop to zero when the applied field
is removed. Even in the presence of the field there is
only a small induced magnetization because only a
small fraction of the spins will be oriented by the field.
Ferromagnetic: / is positive and very large (of the order
of 1
5
).
*** All the above values of / are in cm
-3
$pontaneous
Magnetization
et Zero
Magnetization
et
Magnetization
Ferromagnetic
Anti-ferromagnetic
Ferrimagnetic