< NIKHIL KALAMKAR 201

< SHIVRAJ JADHAV - 202

< ROHIT KHUDABADI - 204
< AMAR KOTWAL 205
< SONALI KSHIRSAGAR - 206
,989
< By deIinition, solar energy is energy radiated Irom the Sun
in the Iorm oI heat and light and harnessed as solar power.
< So basically, solar power is power Irom the Sun.
< This energy is converted into other Iorms oI energy as heat
and electricity.
< Thermal energy is used to heat water in homes, buildings
and swimming pools.
< It is used to heat spaces such as homes, greenhouses and
other buildings.
< Lastly, it is used Ior heating Iluids at a high temperature to
work turbines to create electricity.
< Solar Energy Converted into Electricity in 2 ways:
W !hotovoltaic
<
W Concentrating Solar !ower !lants
< !hotovoltaic (!V) is the change oI sunlight directly into
electricity. Single !V cells are clustered into panels and placed in
proper order oI panels that are used in a wide range oI
applications.
< For example, single small cells that charge calculator and watch
batteries, to system that power single homes, to a large power
plant covering many acres.
< Concentrating solar power plants generates electricity by using
the heat Irom thermal collectors to heat Iluids that produce steam
that is used to power the generator.
< There are 11 known concentrating solar power generating units
operating in the US. Nine oI these are in CaliIornia, one in
Arizona, and one in Nevada.
< Solar energy has two main beneIits: it does not produce any
air pollutants or carbon-dioxide and when solar panels are
located on buildings, they don`t have a big impact on the
environment.
< Because the sun doesn`t deliver much energy to one place
at one time, a large surIace is required to harness energy at a
useIul rate.
< The amount oI sunlight that comes to Earth`s surIace is not
the same every time. It varies depending on the season, time
oI day, location, and the weather conditions
< A photovoltaic cell, also known as a solar cell or !V, is
the technology used to convert solar energy straight
into electrical power.
< A photovoltaic cell is a non-mechanical device that is
usually made Irom silicon alloys.
< The !V cell is the building block Ior a !V system.
< Single cells can vary in size Irom 0.5 inches to almost 4 inches
across.
< One cell only produces 1 or 2 watts; that isn`t enough power Ior
most applications.
< To increase the output oI power, cells are electrically connected to
a packaged weather-tight module.
< Modules are Iurther connected to Iorm an array, which means, to
the entire generating plant, whether it`s made oI one or several
thousand modules.
< The number oI modules connected together in an array depends
solely on the amount oI power output needed.
< The perIormance oI a !V array depends upon sunlight.
< Climate conditions have a big eIIect on the amount oI solar power
received by a !V.
< Modern modules are 10 eIIicient in converting sunlight.
< The simplest photovoltaic systems power small wrist
watches and small calculators used in everyday liIe.
< Other complicated systems provide electricity to pump
water, power communications equipment, and it provides
electricity to homes.
< !hotovoltaic cells are like batteries, as already said.
< They generate direct currents (DC), which is used Ior small
loads or electronic equipment.
< When DCs Irom !V cells are used Ior commercial reasons
or sold to electric utilities using the electric grid, it must
convert to alternating currents (AC) using inverters, a
device that converts DC power to AC.
< !arabolic trough
< Solar dish
< Solar power tower
< !arabolic troughs are used in the largest solar power Iacility in
the world, and it`s located in the Mojave Desert at Kramer
Junction, CaliIornia.
< A parabolic trough collector has a long parabolic-shaped
reIlector that Iocuses the sun`s rays on a receiver pipe located
at the center oI the parabola.
< It tilts with the sun when the sun moves away Irom the east
and the west to make sure that the sun is always Iocused on
the receiver.
< Because oI its shape, a trough can Iocus the sun at 30 to 100
times its normal intensity on the receiver pipe located on the
Iocal line, going over 750 degrees Fahrenheit.
< A solar Iield has several parallel rows oI solar parabolic trough
collectors on the north horizontal axis.
< A heat transIer Iluid is heated as it circulates through the
receiver pipes and returns to a series oI heat exchangers at a
central location.
< AIter made into steam it is Ied to a conventional steam
turbine and able to produce electricity.
< When the hot Iluid passes through the heat exchangers, it
cools down, and is then recirculated through the solar Iield to
heat up again.
< The plant is usually designed to operate at Iull power using
solar energy alone.
< However, all parabolic trough power plants can use Iossil
Iuel combustion to supplement the solar output during
periods oI low solar energy, such as on cloudy days.
< A solar dish system uses concentrating solar collectors to track
the sun, so they always point to the sun and concentrate the
solar energy at the Iocal point oI a dish.
< Solar dishes reach temperatures over 1380 degrees Fahrenheit.
< The operating equipment, used with a solar dish can be
mounted at the Iocal point oI the dish, making it well suited Ior
remote operations, the energy might be collected Irom a
number oI installations and converted onto electricity.
< The engine in a solar dish system converts heat into mechanical
power by adding pressure when a Iluid is cold, heat the
compressed working Iluid, and then expanding the Iluid
through a turbine or with a piston to produce work.
< The engine is coupled to an electric generator to convert the
mechanical power to electric power.
< A solar power tower generates electricity Irom sunlight by
Iocusing concentrated solar energy on a heat exchanger
mounted on a tower.
< This uses hundreds oI thousands oI heliostats, Ilat sun tracking
mirrors, to reIlect and concentrate the sun`s energy onto a
solar power tower. The energy can be concentrated as much as
1,500 times that oI the energy coming Irom the sun.
< Energy losses Irom thermal energy transport are minimized as
solar energy that is transIerred by reIlection oI the heliostats to
a single receiver.
< !ower towers are large and economical.
< Along with a number oI electricity utilizes, the U.S.
Department oI Energy, built and operated solar power tower
near Barstow, CaliIornia, during the 1990s.
THANk YOU,