Introduction of the author

Author Spiro kostof Book The city shaped- Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History Year of published 1993 Publisher Thames and Hudson LTD, London.
Dr. Spiro Konstantine Kostof (7 May 1936 - 7 December 1991) was a leading architectural historian and inspirational teacher at the University of California, Berkeley. His books continue to be widely read and some are routinely used in collegiate courses on architectural history. Kostof's approach to architectural history emphasized urbanism as well as architecture and showed how architectural works are embedded in their physical and social contexts. Commonly accepted today, Kostof's approach was a break with previous directions in architectural history, which tended to emphasize the sequence of styles and to study architectural works in relative isolation from their settings. Kostof's textbook, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals (1985) embodied these ideas and soon became one of the standard texts in the field. In 1993, following his death, the Society of Architectural Historians established the "Spiro Kostof Award," to recognize books "in the spirit of Kostof's writings," particularly those that are interdisciplinary and whose content focuses on urban development, the history of urban form, and/or the architecture of the built environment.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Context of the book

The City Shaped is a unique study of the city and the processes and parameters involved in its birth and evolution. It gives an idea of the historical and cultural overviews of the city, and takes off to various elements that make up a city, giving a detailed urban anatomy. The book is organized thematically around the structural phenomena of cities primarily the birth, and the factors affecting the shape the city takes up. Amongst those explored are a city as a diagram, a city of defense, cities formed due to religious factors, and cities as centers of power. It explores the customs, practicalities, and biases behind the elements of the very genesis of a city.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE CITY AS A DIAGRAM

The political diagram Circles and polygon Linear systems Arcosanti and Centralized systems palmanova -concentric Utopias and ideal organisation cities Specialized environment -radial organisation Regimentation The functional diagram Holy cities The logic of defence Reforming urban society The planet and outer spac

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Arcosanti is an experimental town that began construction In CIRCLES AND POLYGONS 1970, in the high desert of Arizona, 70 miles north of metropolitan Phoenix. When complete, Arcosanti will house 5000 people, ARCOSANTI demonstrating ways to improve urban conditions and lessen our destructive impact on the earth. Its large, compact structures and large-scale solar greenhouses will occupy only 25 acres of a 4060 acre land preserve, keeping the natural countryside in close proximity to urban dwellers.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Early Construction of the Vaults Arcosanti is designed according to the concept ARCOSANTI arcology (architecture + ecology), developed by Italian architect Paolo of Soleri. In an arcology, the built and the living interact as organs would in a highly evolved being. This means many systems work together, with efficient circulation of people and resources, multi-use buildings, and solar orientation for lighting, heating and cooling.

Under construction Constructed building blocks

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

ARCOSANTI

Thus arcosanti is not a model society. It is merely the workshop of our urban future. The form has to come first; slowly and incremently, they will shape behaviour. Function follow form. Which means when the age of arcologies has at long last emerged, however, there will be no slums, no crime, no ethnic segregations. As social pattern is influenced, if not directed , by the physical pattern that shelter it. In a one- container system are the best premises for a nonsegregated culture. The care for oneself will tend to be care for the whole.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

PALMANOV A

In soleris native country, some distance south of venice, is a perfectly shaped polygonal city frozen in its tracks for all of four centuries. The medieval period Palmanova in Italy addressing the militaristic needs and ideas. Using all the latest military innovations of the 16th century, this tiny town was a fortress in the shape of a nine-pointed star, designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi. In between the points of the star, ramparts protruded so that the points could defend each other and three large, guarded gates allowed entry.

But ultimately its a military arhitecture and thus, the town has its ideal plan to show, whereas it concludes that city form in itself has neverbeen a compelling touist attraction.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

By their nature such cities often remain on a theoretical plane. There have been many more ideal cities on paper than on ground.

PALMANOV A

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

UTOPIAS AND IDEAL CITIES

The town of Corona once laid claim to the title "Lemon Capital of the World." A museum there presents the lemon's former role in the local economy. The city derived its name (and its nickname, The Circle City) from the curious layout of its streets, with a standard grid enclosed by the circular Grand Boulevard, one mile in diameter. The street layout was designed by Hiram Clay Kellogg, a civil engineer whereas Cotati's hexagonal plaza and street grid plan was designed during the 1890s by Newton Smyth as an alternative to the traditional grid. Dr. Thomas Page's barn once stood where the plaza is today, and each of the streets surrounding the plaza is named after six of his sons.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Circleville was founded in 1810. It derived its name from the circular portion of a large Hopewell culture earthwork upon which it was built. The original town plan integrated Circleville into the preexisting land with a street layout of concentric circles. An octagonal courthouse stood directly in the center. Dissatisfaction rose with Circleville's layout, however, and in 1837, the Ohio General Assembly authorized the "Circleville Squaring Company" to convert it into a square. By 1856, this had been completed in several phase

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

A utopia does not have to be a city. Utopias are no-wheres. They are outside specification of place and state and vague about the kind of physicality their design codifies Whereas ideal cities exist in context. They are often intended to clarify the standing of a ruler in relation to his subjects and a wider circle of contemprories, they are dependent for their effectiveness on being fixed in place within a larger geographical frame and a prior cutural landscape.

Bartolommeo delbene, the city of truth Tommaso campanellas The capital of utopia- tommaso campanellas and other cities philosopher their understanding of the cities is very innocent, actually they learn nothing at all just borrows the diagram of the cities whether circular or square and then impliment to accompany their tidy systems.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE CITY AS A DIAGRAM

The political diagram Circles and polygon Linear systems Arcosanti and Centralized systems palmanova -concentric Utopias and ideal organisation cities Specialized environment -radial organisation Regimentation The functional diagram Holy cities The logic of defence Reforming urban society The planet and outer spac

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE DESIGN OF REGIMENTATIO N

The regimented behaviour of the population brought the diagramatic layout of some specialized communities like military camps, monastries and industrial towns. Because of the routines of their behaviour they rank in the line. Encampment of assurbanipal

It showed the standard headquarters plan, the junctions of the streets leading to the head quarters.

The Roman legionary fortress, Caerleon, Monmouthshire, in the 2nd century AD; by Alan Sorrell, 1939. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.
CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Concentration camp

Hamburg (germany), neuengamme concentration camp .

The prisoners were housed in a disused brick factory, this factorys very existence was the reason for the establishment of a concentration camp in Hamburg, which at the time had only temporary, small camps. And on each side of the prisoners block where the manufacturies and workshops principally a large brick field.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Established in 1783, Hancock Village thrived as an active Shaker community during most of the following two centuries. Divided into six family groups Industrial along north-south and east-west axes, Hancock was a typical Shaker community with communal dwellings, craft shops, a meetinghouse, and barns. Like most Shaker communities, the design for the buildings at the Hancock village were driven by function and utility. No extra materials or time were wasted in their construction. Emphasis was placed on efficiency, and although architecturally conservative, at the same time they are quite intriguing.

Hancock was able to define its organisation through the right angle alignment of landscape boundaries and buildings, the heirarchical positioning of the building according to the function, the distinctive shapes according to special function.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

The organiing principle of saltaire is an ascending straight street , mill and church face each other across the street unequal in size but clearly paired as a unity. Away from the town center is the line of shops, set back from the streets are the factory school and institute on the other side.

Saltaire was founded in 1853 by Sir Titus Salt, a leading industrialist in the Yorkshire woollen industry.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Holy cities

Since religion is the pre industrial society , all pre industrial cities, it can reasonably be claimed as a sacred dimension. Cities like mecca an jerusalem, where particular religion place their origin even as for example banaras and other cities where the king seeks to anchor his reign.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE CITY AS A DIAGRAM

The political diagram Circles and polygon Linear systems Arcosanti and Centralized systems palmanova -concentric Utopias and ideal organisation cities Specialized environment -radial organisation Regimentation The functional diagram Holy cities The logic of defence Reforming urban society The planet and outer spac

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE POLITICAL DIAGRAM

If the holy city affirms the centrality of faith and translates itself into a microcosmic heaven, the ideal city for secular authority might use the same diagrams to give visual primacy to the ruler and his military sheild. In the theocratic systems of the government , or in the regimes anxious to exhibit piety and assimilate the religious establishment, the temple, the church or the mosque will never be far from the seat of power. But the politicaldiagram celebrates monocentric dominion: and its most expressive devices are the axis and the circle.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

LINEAR SYSTEM

Depending upon cosmology, physical and cltural topography axial alignment is commonly used in association with an overall urban diagram. The 2 ancient schemes for chinese imperial capital : the palace at the north backed into the citywall, as in changan and the palace in the center of the city as in beijing.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

CENTRALIZED SYSTEM
Concentric organization

Edo grew in an irregular but purposeful pattern expressing the warrior caste system typical of castle towns. By th early 17th century it was the seat of japan feudal government and with the population of 1,000,000, probably the world largest city. Large granite stones were moved from afar, the size and number of the stones depend on the wealth of the daimyo. The wealthier ones had to contribute more. The inner citadels of the castle were protected by multiple large and small wooden gates .The mansions were very elaborate and large, with no expenses spared to construct palaces with Japanese gardens and multiple gates. Each block had four to six of the mansions, which were surrounded by ditches for drainage.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Jaipur: nine square plan based on an ancient mandala. 4 of the town planning mandalas described in ancient hindu literature: circular form of vastupurusha, swastika, dandaka and padmaka

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

RADIAL ORGANIZATION

The famous round city of baghdad in the 8th century provides a classic example of radial concentric scheme. The city's growth was helped by its location, which gave it control over strategic and trading routes, along the Tigris. A reason why Baghdad provided an excellent location was the abundance of water and the dry climate. Water exists on both north and south ends of the city gates, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was very uncommon during this time.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Sforzinda within an eight-pointed star of walls within a circular moat, which formed the blueprint of the city. This plan was the first of many ideal starshaped city plans that was the opposite of the crowded, irrational areas of the typical medieval city. The ideal city to a human body when proposing that it should function like a communal organism.

Heinrich placed the ducal residence in a peripherial location, at the northeast corner but duke rejected it and proposed the central location for the castle setting as an angle of axis for the main streets.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE CITY AS A DIAGRAM

The political diagram Circles and polygon Linear systems Arcosanti and Centralized systems palmanova -concentric Utopias and ideal organisation cities Specialized environment -radial organisation Regimentation The functional diagram Holy cities The logic of defence Reforming urban society The planet and outer spac

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

LOGIC OF DEFENSE

Fighting around Philippeville did not start, however, until 1554, after Henry II had succeeded his father on the throne. This area was ideal for an attack as it was covered with forests, sparsely populated and divided among the County of Hainaut, that of Namur, by now part of Burgundy, and the Bishopric of Lige. The medieval forts in the area were taken and pillaged one after the other. The town, hitherto a small domestic trade port with restricted trade, was granted extensive privileges including foreign trade. Finnish people soon shortened the name to Hamina. The rebuilding of the town took place in 17221724. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan are based on an Italian renaissance fortress concept from the 16th century.[6] Fortress towns like this are quite rare, another example is Palmanova in Italy.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

TRAFFIC AND RADIAL CONCENTRICITY

The garden city philosophy is a method of urban planning that was initiated during 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Garden Cities of To-morrow begins by describing the Three Magnets: Town, Country, and TownCountry. Howard explains why we are attracted to the best of both Town and Country aspects. Town-Country benefits have cooperation, beauty, nature, green fields, green parks, good utilities, good commerce, social opportunity, high wages, low rents, low price rates, and low pollution!

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

He describes inter-connected urban nodes. Central City is shown with a constellation of satellite micro-cities (garden cities, towns, villages, developments). Garden Cities at their heart have a central garden, with rings of dwellings, shops, roads, industry, fields, and farms. The ordered layout is meant to improve biological, social, economic, and personal life for everyone.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Howard considered some difficulties with analytic self-criticism. He saw the weak points in his plans, and how they might fail. This foresight can allow us to prepare for the worst problems, to better shape designs for the future. He maintained that human ideals are worth trying; quoting Darwin Selfish and contentious men will not cohere, and without coherence nothing can be accomplished,. Howard believed that Socialism and Individualism must come together in the future to realize a true, vital organic society and state.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

THE PLANET AND OUTER SPACE The concept of Auroville - an ideal township devoted to an experiment in human unity - came to the Mother as early as the 1930s. In the mid 1960s the Sri Aurobindo Society in Pondicherry proposed to Her that such a township should be started. She gave her blessings. The concept was then put before the Govt. of India, who gave their backing and took it to the General Assembly of UNESCO. In 1966 UNESCO passed a unanimous resolution commending it as a project of importance to the future of humanity, thereby giving their full encouragement.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

The purpose of Auroville is to realise human unity in diversity. Today Auroville is recognised as the first and only internationally endorsed ongoing experiment in human unity and transformation of consciousness, also concerned with - and practically researching into - sustainable living and the future cultural, environmental, social and spiritual needs of mankind.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

Another example is the eight trigrams town -In the city of Tekesi, located in Xinjiang, the Uyghur autonomous region in the Western part of China, there is a Eight Trigrams town. Its construction started 800 years ago, when the famous taoist monk Qiu Chuji met with Genghis Khan. It was renovated in 1939 and is promoted as the "biggest Eight Trigrams city in the world". It is completely built on the principles of I Ching and fengshui.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

In the middle of the town is the Yin Yang park. There are 8 main streets, which divide the eight sides of the Bagua. Each street is 1.2 km long.Within the first ring road, there are 8 streets;within the 2nd ring road - 16 streets;within the 3rd ring road - 32 streets;within the 4rd ring road - 64 streets. No traffic lights in this city. They say that there is no need for traffic lights. No matter which direction you choose to head for , you can reach your destinations at last because the roads are closely linked to each other".

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA

- "In the end, all ideal city-forms are a little dehumanizing". Life cannot be regimented , it seems, in the ways they would like, except in totality artificial units like monasteries and cantonments and concentration camps where inhabitants submit willingly or are constrained without choice. - "The city as diagram, in the end, is the story of dreamers who want the complexity and richness of urban structure without the problems, tensions, volatility."

Thank you

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES.

CITY SHAPED- CITY AS A DIAGRAM M-ARCH , SEM 1, CODE-07

SMITA HIRAPARA