THE SHIELD WIRE POWER SCHEME (SWS)

EXPECTATIONS

THE SHIELD WIRE POWER SCHEME (SWS)

Learning Objectives: By the end of this Program, the participants should be able to; 1. Describe accurately using schematics, the 4 Shield Wire Power Distribution Schemes (SWS). 2. Identify specifically the type of scheme adopted for various SW communities in the NED operational areas.

THE SHIELD WIRE POWER SCHEME (SWS)

Learning Objectives, contd: 3. Identify all major components used in the SWS and their functions. 4. Identify all potential dangers associated with the operation of the scheme and how to mitigate them during operations and maintenance. 5. Adopt Shield Wire Equipment on Conventional Schemes and vice versa. 6. Operate and maintain Safely the SWSs.

THE SHIELD WIRE POWER SCHEME (SWS)

What is the Shield Wire Power Scheme?
The technique of using the Sky/Shield Wire to transmit power for distribution of 3-phase and single-phase power to smaller communities along the High Voltage Transmission Lines in VRA.

THE SKY/SHIELD WIRE

What is a Shield Wire and how is a shield wire normally connected?

What are the uses of Shield Wires?

Protection of Power Lines against Lightning discharges Mechanical Protection for Fibre Optic Cables for Communication and SCADA Systems.

Insulated at the Towers to carry Power

THE CONCEPT OF SWS

Sky/Shield wires are insulated at Towers and energised at the substations nearest to the communities to be served. They are:
Insulated for medium voltage operation.
Energised at 20-34kV from HV/MV sub-station. Supplies loads using earth return current. Supply loads by means of distribution transformers branched between the shield wires or wire(s) and ground. Still performs power line protection with appropriate Arcing Horns. With no additional environmental impact.

BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION OF SWS

The History
The citizens of small communities living near HV transmission lines who had no supply made it a Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Relations issue for VRA. VRA invited Prof. Iliceto in early 1980s to make innovative proposals for a Low Cost solution to serve the settlements near its 161kV transmission lines.

BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION OF SWS

Shield Wire Scheme (SWS) is proposed & implemented on the Cape Coast Takoradi Transmission Line The cost of SWS is only a fraction of standard MV line. The operational performance of the SWS in terms of outage frequency and time is better than normal.

Savings and Benefits

Installation Costs are lower because: Common usage of conductors & grounding rods. Does not add to the power line right-of-way. Operational Performance is better as: Outage rates are low & permanent faults are rare. Low medium voltage losses due to conductor size. Maintenance burden is extremely low. Other Benefits. Community protection of the transmission line.

Cost Comparison: MV vrs SWS

30,000 25,000 Accessories

US $ per km

20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

Conductors Survey & Civil W orks

Steel Lattice Towers

Insulators Insulators

MV Line

SWS

Typical Construction Cost of 34.5 kV line in US $ per km)

MV Line Acquisition of Right-of-Way Survey & Civil Works Steel Lattice Towers Conductors Insulators Accessories Total Cost per kilometer Variable 4,500 7,500 10,000 2,500 500 25,000

SWS 750 3,000 3,750

Comment
Depends on local conditions.

Increase in erection only

Saving = 85%

TRANSFER OF SUCCESS
The massive extension of the HV grid to the north in the late 80s presented an opportunity to deploy SWS on the new lines. SWS cost is only 15% of equivalent MV line. Yet its operational performance is superior. SWS is now proven technology which supplies settlements within a 20km corridor of the transmission line at very reasonable cost. Adopted in many African countries and beyond.

THE SWS DEVELOPED

Currently four schemes developed are as

shown A, B, C and D in Fig 1 below which are: SWS A - Single-Phase Earth-Return Scheme SWS B - Single-Phase Metallic-Return Scheme SWS C - V (Open Delta) Scheme SWS D - 3-Phase () Scheme.

I61/34.5 /11kV Tm

SWS A (in Fig. 1) Single-Phase Earth-Return Scheme feasible for HV line protected by one shield wire.

I61/34.5 /11kV Tm

SWS B (in Fig. 1) Single-Phase Metallic-Return Scheme feasible for HV line protected by Two shield wires.

161/34. 5 /11kV Tm

SWS C (in Fig. 1) The V (Open-Delta) Scheme feasible for HV line protected by Two shield wires. They can supply limited amount of 3-phase loads.

I61/34.5 /11kV Tm

SWS D (in Fig. 1) The (Delta) Scheme feasible for HV line protected by Two shield wires. They can supply 100% 3-phase loads.

THE APPLICATION
SWS in NED Areas Fig. 6 Table 1

THE EARTH RETURN OF CURRENT

Single Phase Earth Return (In Fig. 1 A). 3-phase Earth Return (In Fig. 1 C & D) by using the earth return as the 3rd phase conductor, a 3phase MV line is realised (D in Fig. 1) Fig. 2 shows the typical independent multiple earthing systems for the earth return of current and for safety of MV and LV networks.

In the HV/MV substations supplying the SWS, the station ground mat is used for earth return of current.

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS

Fig 2

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS

Fig. 2 shows the typical independent multiple earthing system for the earth return of current and for safety of MV and LV networks. MV Earth Return is achieved by burying and connecting a bare conductor between the 161kV steel pylon and the 34.5kV take off steel pylon or the 161kV pylon and a ground/earth electrode under the wooden pole serve as the ground for the system. The Earth-Return wire is connected to this ground and multiple grounded to the general mass of earth at every 2 wooden poles interval for the 20kV/30kV transmission.

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS At the MV/LV Transformer Station 3 independent Grounding systems are provided (Ref. Distribution Network Earthing Arrangement Drawing No A/EAR/01 07) which are:
1.MV Grounding System
2.Surge/Lightning Arrestor Grounding System 3.LV Neutral/Grounding System

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS

1.MV Grounding System: This comprises of MV Multiple grounded Earth return Conductor The Transformer MV Ground Terminal The Metalworks (Non Current carrying parts) of the Substation Earth Electrode

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS

2.

Surge/Lightning Arrestors Grounding System. This comprises of:

The Ground Terminal of the Surge Arrestors

Ground /Earthing Lead

Ground Electrode. The Two electrodes are buried at the MV/LV transformer station three meters deep, and at least four meters away from each other.

EARTHING OF MV AND LV NETWORKS

3. LV Neutral/Grounding System: Consists of:
The Neutral/Grounding Feeder Wire The Transformer Neutral/Ground Terminal Multiple rods along the LV feeders at 4 pole intervals. Transformer LV neutral electrode buried one pole span away from the MV/LV station.

VOLTAGE LEVELS OF THE SWS

Scheme A - Single Phase Earth Return The Shield Wire Line (SWL) = 34.5kV/3 =19.92kV or 20kV. The Transformer HV Side = 34.5kV/3 =19.92kV or 20kV. The Transformer LV Side:=240V phase to Ground, 480V phase to phase Scheme B - Single Phase Metal Return. The Shield Wire Line (SWL) = 34.5kV. The Transformer HV Side: = 34.5kV. The Transformer LV Side:= 240V phase to Ground, 480V phase to phase.

VOLTAGE LEVELS OF THE SWS

Scheme C The V Scheme (3-phase Open Delta) The Shield Wire Line (SWL) = 34.5kV. The Transformer HV Side: = 34.5kV, phase to phase, 20kV phase to ground The Transformer LV Side: 240V phase to Ground, 415V phase to phase Scheme D - 3-phase Close Delta SWL (In Fig. 1 D). The Shield Wire Line (SWL). = 30kV The Transformer HV Side: 30kV, phase to phase, 30kV phase to ground The Transformer LV Side: 433V, phase to phase, 240V phase to ground

VOLTAGE LEVELS OF THE SWS

Questions: 1.Explain the differences between the SWS Transformers and Conventional MV/LV Transformers. 2.Can a Shield Wire Transformer be used on a Conventional MV Network? Explain 3.Can a Conventional MV/LV Transformer be used on a Shield Wire MV/LV Network? Explain.

VOLTAGE LEVELS OF THE SWS

Insulators used on SWLs are either 3-String for 20kV Lines and 4-String for 30kV Lines. Surge/ Lightning Arrestors 48kV and 60kV

MTCE & TESTING OF SWS TRANSFORMERS

Inspection, Maintenance, Testing procedure and, Calculation of results for Conventional Transformers apply to SWS Transformers as well. (check Nameplate Information)

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Energised State
Voltage Levels Limit of Approach

Isolated State
Capacitors Induced Voltages

COMPONENTS OF THE SWS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

The Main Transformer (HV/MV) Feeder Circuit Breakers Interposing Transformer Compensating Resistor-Reactor Grounding Switch The Shield/Sky Wires Insulators Insulator Arcing Horns Capacitors Surge/ Lightning Arrestors The Distribution Transformers (MV/LV) Grounded Neutral

TRANSFORMER TAP CHANGING

TAP POSITION PRIMARY VOLTAGE SECONDARY VOLTAGE

1. 2. 3.

21,000 20,500 20,000 250 0- 250

4. 5.

19,500 19,000

TRANSFORMER TAP CHANGING Points for Consideration

There is only one Voltage available at terminals of Transformer.(Check Incoming Voltage to know Tap to be connected to.) Tap Voltages are to be considered as number of Turns (V is proportional T ie connect more voltage to where more turns are.) Primary Voltage Per Turn is equal to Secondary Voltage per Turn (V/Tp = V/Ts or N1/N2 = V1/V2 i.e. Secondary Voltage is inversely proportional to Primary Turns)