Contents

The characteristics of mobile communications CDMA migration from 2G to 3G CDMA spectrum usage CDMA Codes CDMA Channels The advantage of CDMA cdma2000 -1x

Characteristics of Mobile Communication

Mobility flexible and convenient global personal communication Poor environment and conditions Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time)shadow effect and delay, power change and other noise Multiple MS and channels Interference, near and far effect Limit of frequency resources Reliability is important registration, handoff, switching

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

1G Analog cellular Voice AMPS TACS 80 2G Digital cellular Voice /data CDMA GSM 1992 1XRtt GPRS 1999 3G Digital cellular Vioce / high speed data CDMA2000 W_CDMA 20 01 2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GPRS: General Packet Radio Services

CDMA Evolution Paths

2Mbps 9.6kbps

153.6kbps
CDMA 1xEV-DO CDMA 1xRTT

CDMA 1xEV-DV

CDMA IS-95

CDMA 3x 5x

2G 2.5G

3G

CDMA-Its History & Status

CDMA Worldwide Subscribers 2G/3G (174 Million)

Source: www.cdg.org Dec2003

CDMA-Its History & Status

1993, the first CDMA standard IS-95 was issued; In 1995, CDMA technology was put into commercialization in Hong Kong and America on large scale; In April, 2001, China Unicom began to construct CDMA networksthe largest in the world (about 70Million line now); At present, CDMA commercial networks are established in about 40 countries or area, almost 20% of all users in the world.

CDMA Subscriber Growth History: Sept.1997 through Sept.2003

CDMA Leadership in Capacity Solutions

Number of users per 5MHz of spectrum

CDMA has one another great Feature: It can be used for implementing WLL (wireless local loop) Existing landline operators can extend their network with WLL Cellular operators can capitalize on their current network to deliver residential service with WLL New service providers can quickly deploy non-traditional WLL solutions to rapidly meet a community's telephony needs

Channel Numbers 1 1023 991 824 MHz

CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum Usage

1 1023
334 333 667 666

A
1

A
10

B
10

A
1.5

Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits) Possible CDMA Center Freq. Assignments

All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide

Can serve ~20 users /8 kb vocoder

717 716

799

B
2.5

other uses

991

334 333

667 666

717 716

799

A
1

A
10

B
10

A
1.5

B
2.5
894 MHz

849 MHz

869 MHz

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacentfrequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)

CDMA PCS 1900 MHz Spectrum Usage

Guard Bands Channel Numbers 300 299 400 0 MTA Licensed Unlicensed 0

Paired Bands
Licensed

1199

1199

700 699

800

900

300 299

400

700 699

800

900

B T A

MTA

B T A

B T A

BTA

Data

Voice

MTA

B T A

MTA

B T A

B T A

BTA

A
15 1850 MHz

D
5

B
15

E F
5 5

C
15 1910 MHz 10 10 1930 MHz

A
15

D
5

B
15

E F
5 5

C
15 1990 MHz

Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

CDMA Frequency Channel Assignment at 800 MHz Cellular

1 1023 991 334 333 667 666 716 715 799

A
Channel Numbers

A Band

B Band

1019

37

78

119

160

201

242

283

384

425

466

507

548

589

630

691

736

777

*
CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers

** *
Requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers with A-band carrier

** Requires frequency coordination

A Band Primary Channel A Band Secondary Channel 283 691 B Band Primary Channel B Band Secondary Channel 384 777

IS-95 Recommends to Start CDMA Deployment with Either the Primary or the Secondary Channel

Multiple Access
Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit.

Types of Media -- Examples: Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio Advantages of Multiple Access signals)

Transmission

Medium

Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, Increased capacity: serve more users private circuit through the transmission Reduced capital requirements since fewer medium, unaware that media can carry the traffic the other users exist. Decreased per-user expense
Easier

to manage and administer

Multiple Access Schemes

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Each user on a different frequency A channel is a frequency TDMA Time Division Multiple Access Each user on a different window period in time (time slot) A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA Code Division Multiple Access A channel is a unique code FDMA
Power

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

Frequency Reuse

CDMA (IS-95) frequency reuse = 1

TDMA (IS-136) frequency reuse = 7

Terms & Definitions

CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency
Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) CDMA CHANNEL In 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart CDMA CDMA Forward Reverse In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart Channel Channel

CDMA Forward & Reverse Channel

1.25 MHz Forward / Reverse Link

1.25 MHz

1.25 MHz

45 or 80 MHz

CDMA Code Channel

Each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the CDMA Reverse Channel Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward

Walsh Codes
64 Sequences, each 64 chips long A chip is a binary digit (0 or 1) Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all other Walsh Codes This means that it is possible to recognize and therefore extract a particular Walsh code from a mixture of other Walsh codes which are filtered out in the process Two same-length binary strings are orthogonal if the result of XORing them has the same number of 0s as 1s

Short PN Sequences
The two Short PN Sequences, I and Q, are 32,768 chips long Together, they can be considered a twodimensional binary vector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long Each Short PN Sequence (and, as a matter of fact, any sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips Each Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal to a copy of itself that has been offset by any number of chips (other than 0)

The Long PN Sequence

Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

AND
1100011000 P E RMU T E D ESN

Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)

S UM

User Long Code Sequence

(@1.2288 MCPS)

Modulo-2 Addition

Each mobile station uses a unique User Long Code Sequence generated by applying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, to the 42-bit Long Code Generator which was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile station initialization. Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, this sequence requires 41 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes and 19.4 seconds to complete.

Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41
PN OFFSET

BTS

BTS

PN OFFSET 116

ANALOG SUM/MUX PN OFFSET 372 PN 372 x WALSH 19

Walsh 42
Walsh 55 Walsh 56 Walsh 60

BTS

PN OFFSET 226 x

BTS

PN OFFSET 510

CDMA Code Summary

Type of Sequence How
Many

Length

Special Properties

Forward Link Function

Reverse Link Function

Walsh Codes

64

64 chips 1/19,200 sec.

Mutually Orthogonal

User identity within cells signal

Orthogonal Modulation (information carrier)

Short PN Sequences

32,768 chips 26-2/3 ms 75x in 2 sec.

Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value except 0

Distinguish Cells & Sectors

Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)

Long PN Sequences

242 chips ~41 days

near-orthogonal if shifted

Data Scrambling to avoid strings of 1s or 0s

Distinguish users

CDMA Advantages
Spread Spectrum Soft & Softer Handoff Rake Receiver Variable Rate Vocoder High quality voice Power Control Coverage Simple Network Planning Green Handset Smooth migration to 3G and the operators

Spread Spectrum (1)

S(f)
S(f)

Signal Signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

S(f) S(f)

Interfering noise Signal

f0

signal Interfering noise f

f0

Before despreading

After despreading

Spread Spectrum(2)
Antenna Antenna

Source Coding

Channel Coding (SS)

Carrier Modulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Demodulation

Channel Decoding

Source Decoding

Transmit
DS-PN

Receive
DS-PN

Source Decoding

Channel Decoding

Carrier Demodulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Modulation

Channel Coding (SS)

Source Coding

DS-PN

Receive

Transmit

DS-PN

Spreading Spectrum (3) Principle of Using Multiple Codes

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A

Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

Spread Spectrum (4)

Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multi-path effects. Covert operation:Difficult to detect

Advantages of Spread Spectrum

Achieve Privacy: Difficult to demodulate, Noise like signal.

Impossible to Eavesdrops on the signal expect using the same PN sequence

Soft & Softer Handoff

BSC

BSC

MSC

Soft handoff: adjacent cells of the same frequency.

Connection first and disconnection afterwards in handoff. High quality of service and effective reduction of call drops.

Softer handoff: same BS & frequency, between different sectors.

Rake Receiver (1)

d1 d2

d3

transmission

receiving

Raker combination
noise

Rake Receiver (2)

Correlator 1 Combiner To De-Interleaver, Viterbi Decoder

Correlator 2

Correlator 3 Search Correlator

Multipath Delay Components ( 150 ms > Dt > 1ms)

Rake receiver can isolate multipath spaced > 1 chip length.

Rake Receiver (3)

Handset uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators rake fingers Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh code Fingers can targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs Searcher continuously checks pilots

Intelligent Vocoder

High Quality Voice(1)

Voice quality

64k PCM

8k present GSM CDMA

13k 8k EVRC CDMA CDMA

High Quality Voice(2)

Voice activity Technology

High quality Voice??

Power Control
Autonomous power control Direct power control
On the Uplink measures Eb/No at the base station and sends power Control Bits over the Downlink to the MS to instruct the MS to either increase or decrease its transmit power. On the Uplink tells the MS to vary its transmitted power inversely with the power level it receive from the BS.

Downlink power control

Attempts to use minimum power needed to meet to a Frame Error Rate (FER) threshold at the MS s.

Coverage
The coverage radius is 2 times of standard GSM. Coverage of 1000 km2: GSM needs 200 BTS 's, while CDMA requires only 50.

Under the same coverage

conditions, the number of BTS 's is greatly

Simple Network Planning

GSM: N=4
2 4 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 4 2 4 1 3

CDMA: N=1 Frequency reuse

1 1 1 1 1

Frequency reuse
1 3 2 1 4 1 1 1

1
1

1
1 1 1 1 1

1
1 1 1 1 1

Simple project design & convenient capacity expansion

Green Handset
Low transmission power: Accurate power control, handoff control, voice activation

Systems GSM CDMA

Mean transmission power 125 mW 2 mW

Max transmission power 2W 200mW

Functions of the CDMA Reverse Channels

There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels:
TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS. ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobile stations not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information

Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

Each mobile is uniquely identified by the User Long Code, which it generates internally. All mobile stations transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25 MHz wide frequency band. Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile station and successfully extract its signal. Mobile stations also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channelidentifying purposes. Short PN Sequences are used to achieve phase modulation. Walsh Codes are used as Orthogonal

Benefits of the cdma2000 1x Standards

Increased mobile standby battery life (via Quick Paging Channel) Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call processing features 2-3 dB better coverage High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities
cdma2000 1x = 1.25 MHz Radio Transmission Technology

Example of cdma2000 1x Network

International Roaming Using CDMA International roaming allows users of CDMA wireless phones to travel to a foreign country and enjoy many of the same services there that they can at home. While there are still many challenges to obtain fully seamless international roaming, CDMA subscribers can enjoy some of the finest international roaming available. And, it will only get better in the future What is Roaming? Roaming is the ability of a system to provide the same services to customers (roamers) from other systems, even from other countries. Some of the major services that can be provided are: The ability to make a call (Mobile Origination). The ability to receive a call (Mobile Termination or Call Delivery. This is done automatically, and causes an exchange of information over the SS7/ANSI-41 network to the home system. Inter-system handoff Short Message Service. SMS comes in to the home system it will be forwarded to the mobile, wherever it is. Calling Name/Number Presentation. International dialing. Some phones provide a + key or equivalent menu option that makes it easy to place an international call without knowing the local access number. What Makes CDMA Roaming Work? A standard known as ANSI-41 (aka TIA/EIA-41 or IS-41) provides roaming services for AMPS and CDMA systems. It is a good example of a Mobile Application Protocol (MAP): Base Station. Contains the radio equipment for one or more cells. MSC (Mobile Switching Center). Connects mobiles to other mobiles or to phones in the telephone network or on other cellular systems. HLR (Home Location Register). Contains information about a subscription, including the types of services which are to be provided.

AC (Authentication Center). Contains cryptographic information that allows the network to determine that a mobile is valid. Usually contained within an HLR.

HandOff in CDMA:

Multi-Path Advantage

CDMA channel Structure

CDMA Forword Channels: 64 Walsh codes channels: 1 paging channel 1 sync channel 1 paging channel Unsed channels up to 6 channels Traffic channels: 55 channel at least

Forword traffic Channel Generation 8Kb Vocoding

Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

Forward Channel De-modulation

NTI

52

NTI

53

NTI

54

NTI

55

NTI

56

NTI

57

NTI

58

NTI

59

NTI

60