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BIOGENOUS VS HYDROGENUS

SEDIMENT
Sediment is a broad term used by geologists for any

particulate matter that is transported by fluid flow. The deposition of suspended matter on the bed or bottom of a body of water by settling is known as sedimentation. In most places the sea floor is covered with a layer of sediment. The exceptions would be a newly formed volcanic island or the bottom of a submarine canyon recently scoured by a turbidity current. Sediment layers in the ocean are records of processes occurring both in the oceans and on land.

CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTS
Geologists group these sediment into 4 main groups based on the origin or source of the sediment:
Terrigenous Sediment 2) Biogenous Sediment 3) Hydrogenous Sediment 4) Cosmogenous Sediment
1)

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS

Biogenous Sediments

Origin organic material Remains of biological organisms (animals & plants)

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Biogenous sediments: Origin

Hard parts: shell, bones, teeth

Accumulates as biogenous sediment Classified as either macroscopic or microscopic biogenous sediment

CONTINUE Biogenous sediments: Origin

MACROSCOPIC

MICROSCOPIC

Can be seen with bare eyes: shells, bones, teeth Not common (except coral reefs)

Microscopic organisms produce tiny shells tests tests sink after organism die

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Biogenous sediments: Microscopic


Microscopic tests accumulates in deposits called Ooze (fine-grained mushy material)

Biogenous ooze must contain at least 30% biogenous test material (by weight)

Biogenous sediments: Composition

Most common chemical compounds in biogenous sediment are:

silica (SiO2) quartz

calcium carbonate (CaCO3) calcite

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Biogenous sediments: Composition


Silica in biogenous ooze Calcium carbonate in biogenous ooze

Radiolarians(protozoan) & Diatoms (microscopic algae)

Foraminifera (protozoan) & Coccolithophores (microscopic algae)

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Radiolarians (protozoa)

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Diatoms (microscopic algae)

CONTINUE Foraminifers (protozoa)

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Coccolithophores (microscopic algae)

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS

Hydrogenous Sediments

Origin chemical precipitation of minerals dissolved in water

Hydrogenous sediments: Origins

Seawater contains many dissolved materials

Chemical reactions cause materials to come out of solution precipitate (from dissolved to solid state)

Precipitation occurs as environmental conditions change (temperature, pressure, salinity)

Hydrogenous sediments: Composition

Many different composition

As the composition of the ocean itself

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Chemical composition of seawater

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Mineral Deposits

Manganese nodules composition

Major components: MnO2 (30%) + FeO (20%) Minor components (less than 1%) copper (wiring, pipe, brass and bronze) nickel (stainless steel) cobalt (strong magnets and steel tools)

CONTINUE Manganese nodules

CONTINUE Manganese nodules

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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition


Mineral Deposits

Oolites

Formed from calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate in warm, shallow productive waters

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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition


Mineral Deposits

Phosphate deposits

Coatings on rocks & shallow water nodules (<1000m)

P concentration = ~30% high biological activity

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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition


Mineral Deposits

Metal sulfides deposits

Associated with hydrothermal vents (mid-ocean ridge)

Contain: iron, nickel, copper, zinc, silver,

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Hydrogenous sediments: Composition


Mineral Deposits

Evaporite deposits
Restricted circulation + high evaporation saturation

Chemical precipitation

Examples: halite (rock salt) + gypsum (CaSO4)

Biogenous sediments

Hydrogenous sediments

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