Neurotransmitters

Aid

in the transmission of information throughout the body Either stimulate (excitatory) or stop (inhibitory)

Dopamine
Control of complex movements Parkinsons disease Motivation Cognition Regulation of emotional responses EXCITATORY SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOSES ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS WORKS BY ???

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Nor_ _ _ _ _ and Ad_ _ _ _ _

Attention Learning and memory Sleep and wakefulness Mood regulation EPINEPHRINE FIGHT OR FLIGHT EXCESS NOREPI A_ _ _ _ _ DISORDERS DEFICT OF NOREPI ML, D ANTIDEPRESSANTS WORKS BY ???

Serotonin

INHIBITORY Food intake Sleep and wakefulness Temperature regulation Pain control Sexual bahavior Regulation of emotions SCHIZOPHRENIA DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, WITHDRAWN BEHAVIOR MOOD DISORDERS DEFICIT OF SEROTONIN D ANTIDEPRESSANTS WORKS BY ???

Acetylcholine

Recognition Learning Recall Signal muscles to become active DECREASE ACTH SECRETING NEURONS ALZHEIMERS DISEASE DECREASE ACTH RECEPTORS MYASTHENIA GRAVIS muscle weakness

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Major INHIBITORY Modulate other neurotransmitter systems

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder

Worries

excessively over EVERYTHING

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Develops AFTER exposure to a clearly identifiable threat (war, natural disasters, sexual assault) ACUTE DELAYED Symptoms: Blunted emotions FEELINGS OF DETACHMENT FLASHBACKS Moral guilt Numbing of responsiveness Survivor guilt Sleep disturbances

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Dissociative identity disorder Multiple personality disorder

Existence of TWO OR MORE IDENTITIES The alter personality contains feelings associated with the trauma Each alter personality is different from the other, having its own name, ways of behaving, memories, emotional characteristics, and social relationships

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Somatoform disorder
1.

2.

3. 4.

Appearance of PHYSICAL symptoms BUT NO BIOLOGICAL cause Classification: Conversion disorder/Conversion reaction unexplained, sudden deficits in sensory or motor function Hypochondriasis fear that one has a serious disease (disease conviction) or will get a serious disease (disease phobia) Pain disorder PAIN Somatization disorder multiple physical symptoms

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Panic disorder
SUDDEN ATTACKS of INTENSE FEAR or discomfort, peaks within 10-15 minutes Might complain of: - Not being able to breathe - Feeling they are having a heart attack - going crazy Some develop agoraphobia PANIC ATTACKS CAN BE BROUGHT ON BY CAFFEINE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND SODIUM LACTATE

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Phobic disorders
1. 2.

3.

Intense, irrational fears of some object, situation, or activity Three major categories: Agoraphobia places or situations from which escape is difficult or help is unavailable Social phobia social or performance situation Specific phobia specific object or situation Desensitization Flooding

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Dissociative identity disorder Somatoform disorder Panic disorder Phobic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessions recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses that cause marked anxiety and interfere with interpersonal, social, or occupational function. Compulsions ritualistic or repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person carries out continuously in an attempt to neutralize anxiety.

Exposure and response prevention.

Exposure involves assisting the client to deliberately confront the situations and stimuli that he or she usually avoids. Response prevention focuses on delaying or avoiding performance of rituals.

Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepine increase GABA - valium, librium, ativan, serax, xanax, dormicum SE: Paradoxic excitement Anti-cholinergic dry mouth, constipation, retention Nausea Ortho-hypo DONT STOP ABRUPTLY!!!