Functional Organization of

Nervous System

202 .

nopporn@swu.ac.th

About this Chapter

Function and organization of nervous system Nervous system components Development of nervous system

Circulation and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Planes and Sections

Transverse (cross-sectional) or horizontal plane divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions Frontal or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions Sagittal plane divides the body or an organ into left and right sides

Planes and Sections of the Brain

(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)

Transverse Plane (Horizontal)

Frontal Plane (Coronal)

Sagittal Plane

Planes and Sections of the Brain

Superior (above)

Anterior (front)

Posterior (back)

Inferior (below)

Organization of the Nervous System

XL

Functions of the Nervous System

Sensory input - Gathering information To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body

Integration to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed.

Motor output - A response to integrated stimuli The response activates muscles or glands

Structural Classification of the Nervous System

CNS

PNS

Structural Classification of the Nervous System

Sensory (afferent) division Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

Motor (efferent) division Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

Structural Classification of the Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

Regions of the Brain
Telencephalon Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Include more than half of the brain mass The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and

grooves (sulci)

Layers of the Cerebrum

Gray matter Outer layer, Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies White matter Fiber tracts inside the gray matter (corpus callosum)

Basal nuclei Internal islands of gray matter

Layers of the Cerebrum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes Surface lobes of the cerebrum

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe

Lobes of the Cerebrum

XL

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

XL

Broadmanns Area

XL

Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Homunculus

Basal Nuclei

Limbic System

Basal Ganglia

The Central Nervous System

The Limbic System

The Central Nervous System

Functions of the Cerebrum
Conscious thought Intellectual activity

Memory
Origin of complex patterns of movement

The Central Nervous System

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Hemispheres serve opposite body sides Primary motor cortex
Directs voluntary movement

Primary sensory cortex

Receives somatic sensation (touch, pain, pressure, temperature)

Association areas
Interpret sensation Coordinate movement

The Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

The Brain

XL

The Central Nervous System

The Brain

XL

The Central Nervous System

The Brain

XL

The Central Nervous System

Diencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Diencephalon
Thalamus
Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation Coordinate voluntary and involuntary motor behavior

Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism

An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

Diencephalon
Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus forms cerebrospinal fluid

The Central Nervous System

Brain Stem
Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Brain Stem
Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain Mesencephalon

Pons Metencephalon
Medulla oblongata Myelencephalon

Brain Stem
Midbrain
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Reflex & Relay center for vision and hearing Cerebral aqueduct 3rd-4th ventricles

Slide 7.39

Brain Stem
Pons
The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

Medulla Oblongata

Brain Stem

The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate Blood pressure Breathing Swallowing Vomiting

The Diencephalon and Brain Stem

XL

The Diencephalon and Brain Stem

Cranial Nerve

XL

The Central Nervous System

Cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Cerebellum
Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Provides involuntary coordination of body movements Stores patterns of movement, Skills Fine tunes most movements Control postural muscles, balance (Vestibular)

The Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord Basics
Relays information to/from brain Processes some information on its own Divided into 31 segments Each segment has a pair of: Dorsal root ganglia Dorsal roots Ventral roots Gray matter appears as horns White matter organized into columns
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

Spinal Cord Organization

Gray matter: mostly cell bodies Spinal reflex integrating center White matter: Bundles of myelinated axons -Ascending tracts: sensory -Descending tracts: motor

Spinal Cord Organization

Spinal Cord Organization

XL

The Spinal Reflex Arc

Reflex rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli Reflex arc direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

The Spinal Reflex Arc

Nervous System & Skeletal System

Development of the CNS

Development of the CNS

Ectoderm
Three "germ layers Mesoderm

Endoderm

Nervous System Development

Neural plate to neural tube
Neural crestPNS Anterior forms brain

Forebrain
Midbrain Hindbrain

Hollow ventricles
Spinal cord

Expansion of Brain

XL

Expansion of Brain

Forebrain Telencephalon Diencephalon Midbrain remains just midbrain Hindbrain Pons, Cerebellum Medulla

Between 4 weeks and 9 months the brain undergoes rapid development

Expansion of Brain

Six Stages of Nervous System Development

Post-natal brain development

At birth the brain weighs 25% of the full adult brain By the age of 6 it increases to 95%
i. Increase is due to myelination ii. Proliferation of glial cells iii. Last wave of neurogenesis* iv. Maturation of neurons v. Increase in synaptic connectivity

Vasculature & Ventricle

Cerebral Blood Supply

The most metabolically active organs in the body, receiving 17% of the total cardiac output and about 20% of the oxygen available in the body.

Principle Brain Arteries

80%

20%

XL

Circle of Willis

Brain Vascular Territory

XL

Brain Vascular Territory

Spinal Cord Arterial Supply

XL

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Clear liquid fills ventricles and
canals & bathes its external surface (in subarachnoid space) Brain produces & absorbs about 500 ml/day - Produced by ependymal cells lining the ventricles - Filtration of blood through choroid plexus Functions - Buoyancy - Protection - Chemical stability - Nutrient supply

The Ventricles of the Brain

XL

Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

XL

Meninges

Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system

Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers

Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue

Structure of a Nerve

Endoneurium surrounds each fiber Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium Fascicles are bound together by epineurium

Classification of Nerves
Mixed nerves both sensory and motor fibers Afferent (sensory) nerves carry impulses toward the CNS

Efferent (motor) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS

Classification by size and myelination, Aa, Ab, C

End of First Chapter LoL

Question ?