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Analog to Digital
Digital to Analog
Chap 0
Binary Code
Numbers in Base 10
Numbers in Base 2
1101 = 1 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 13 (Decimal)
n bits Binary Number Unipolar: 0 ~ 2n 1 Bipolar: - 2n-1 ~ 2n-1 1 Binary Strings as a fraction of full scale Used in ADC 0 ~ 1 2-n 1101 = 1 2-1 + 1 2-2 + 0 2-3 + 1 2-4 = 13/16 (Decimal) See Figure 4.2, for 4 bits Natural Binary Code
3
Chap 0
MRV (Minimum
Representable Voltage)
Resolution :
2-n
Full Scale of 10V, 4-bit Encoding MRV = 10/16 = 625mV Impossible to represent a voltage lower than 625mV
To
Chap 0
Gray Code
Useful when angle is measured Change by only one bit as it proceed from one bit pattern to the next
24 = 16 (6 )
Example
283 Decimal 000100011011 Binary 0010 1000 0011 BCD
Chap 0
Bipolar Codes
Chap 0
Code Conversion
Chap 0
Code Conversion
Chap 0
Sampling Concepts
Sampling
Fourier Transform
Chap 0
Sampling Theorem
The conditions for exact representation and recovery are: The Signal must be band limited, and the sampling frequency must not be lower than twice the highest frequency present in the signal
In real, sensor output has infinite harmonics The use of low pass filter before sampling
To band limit signal To Avoid Aliasing Loss of high frequency information
Error of omission
Chap 0
10
Aliasing
When sampling frequency is less than twice the highest frequency of the signal, signal is no longer recoverable by low pass filtering Homework #4-1
30 1/30 ? ?
1
Low pass Filter reconstruct cosine wave Of lower frequency (fs fo)
11
Chap 0
Interpolation
The process of reconstructing a signal from its values at discrete instants of time
Zero order hold or One Point Linear or Two Point Band limited or Low pass Filtering
Chap 0
12
n-bit DAC n Latches hold Binary Number n transistor switch Register network Voltage reference controls the range of output OP amp provides summing function
Bit 3 (1000B)
Eout = R/2R x Eref
Bit 1 (0010B)
Eout = R/8R x Eref
Total (1010B)
Eout = Eref/2 + Eref/8
Chap 0
13
Implementing DAC
4 bit DAC
8 bit DAC
12 bit DAC
Chap 0
5K and 10K
Homework #4-2
R+R=2R
2R||2R=R Chap 0 15
Chap 0
16
Only the LS 8 bits of 16-bit integer are used since this is 8-bit DAC
Chap 0
17