!% !

%
1nL UNIVLkSL IS IULL CI
MC1ICN
LarLh roLaLes wlLh a speed of
16744 km]h
1he average orblLal veloclLy of
LarLh ls
28 km]s
Mllky Way moves aL
27 m]s
Understand the term movement of a particle
recognizing the causes of it.
2.1. Movement
2.2. Force and movement
2.3. Work
2.4. Power
2.5. Mechanical Energy
2.1. El movimiento
hyslcs sLudles Lhe movemenL of all Lhe
bodles ln Lhe unlverse Lhrough Mechan|cs
1he parL of Mechan|cs LhaL sLudles Lhe
movemenL of bodles wlLhouL looklng aL Lhe
causes ls called k|nemat|cs
1he parL of Mechanlcs LhaL sLudles Lhe cause
of moLlon of a body ls called Dynam|cs
"1he study of the movement |s very
|mportant because everyth|ng |s d|sp|ac|ng
|n space and t|me"
What comes to your mind when you hear "movement?
2.1. 1 El modelo de partculas
When an object is moving:
ts position
changes
n a period of
time
Along a straight,
circular, arched way
or vibrating up and
down.
A motion diagram is a powerful tool to study the movement.
A set of images of an object in motion that registers its position after equal
time intervals is called too motion diagram.
Mcu Mcu cam cam ue ue represem| represem| mc||cm mc||cm?? Mcu Mcu cam cam ue ue represem| represem| mc||cm mc||cm??
2.1.2. Diagramas de puntos
n the following motion diagrams a runner s represented:
Moving at constant velocity
Accelerating
At rest
Slowing down
now now can can you you d|fference d|fference these these four four
s|tuat|ons s|tuat|ons? ?
Mechan|cs
needs
proccedures or
operat|ons Lo
represenL
moLlon
The replacement of an object with a point is called:
5articIe modeI.
In order to use the 5articIe modeI we must consider:
To concentrate the object in a point, assuming that the center of mass is
concentrated in this point.
The size of the object is smaller that the distance it moves.
ntern movements must be ignored, like the arm wave of a runner.
We must work based on a motion diagram, simplifying it.
We must do measures of distance.
2.1.3. Marco de referencia y sistema de
coordenadas
Mcu Mcu cam cam ue ue represem| represem| mcvemem| mcvemem|?? Mcu Mcu cam cam ue ue represem| represem| mcvemem| mcvemem|??
Coordinate system.
olar coordlnaLes
8ldlmenslonal
8ecLangular coordlnaLes
Speclal 8ecLangular
coordlnaLes
We say LhaL a body has moved when |ts pos|t|on |s been mod|f|ed w|th
respect a po|nt C LhaL we Lake arblLrarlly as reference
klnemaLlcs sLudles Lhe varlaLlon of LhaL poslLlon wlLh respecL Lo an orlgln C
ln Lhe Llme We need Lo choose a reference sysLem
1 A oned|mens|ona| system we choose a reference polnL C over a
sLralghL llne
2 A b|d|mens|ona| system a CarLeslan plane of 2 axls for Lhe case of
pro[ecLlle moLlon
3 A tr|d|mens|ona| system for a moLlon LhaL ls developed ln 3
dlmenslons
#e|eremce #e|eremce |rames |rames amd amd cccrd|ma|e cccrd|ma|e sgs|ems sgs|ems #e|eremce #e|eremce |rames |rames amd amd cccrd|ma|e cccrd|ma|e sgs|ems sgs|ems
%A reference frame ls a coordlnaLe sysLem LhaL allows descrlpLlon of Llme
and poslLlon of polnLs relaLlve Lo a body 1he axes or llnes emanaLe from a
poslLlon called Lhe orlgln
%An |nert|a| reference frame ls a Lhe one LhaL ls noL acceleraLed lLs
veloclLy ls consLanL
%A not |nert|a| reference frame ls Lhe one LhaL ls acceleraLed lL's veloclLy ls
changlng consLanLly
MA1 |B A ## #Au? MA1 |B A ## #Au? MA1 |B A ## #Au? MA1 |B A ## #Au?
1he followlng graph represenLs Lhe moLlon of a car wlLh respecL Lo a flash
llghL (C) Laken as lnerLlal reference frame
1 WhaL coordlnaLe sysLem ls used?
2 WhaL happens wlLh Lhe veloclLy of Lhe ob[ecL ln each Llme lnLerval?
3 Powls Lhe dlsplacemenL of Lhe ob[ecL ln each Llme lnLerval?
4 Why ls Lhe slope changlng ln Lhe graph ln every Llme lnLerval?
3 ls lL posslble Lo have negaLlve dlsplacemenL veloclLy and acceleraLlon?
2.1.4. Diferencia entre MRU y MUA
v v v v v
L
0
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
4
v
0
L
0
L
1
L
2
L
3
v
1
v
2
v
3
WhaL happens ln each case?
Accordlng Lo Lhe dlagrams geL Lhe values of Lhe Lable and Lhe graphs dL for
each case
Var|ab|e 1|me (s) D|sp|aceme
nt UkM
D|sp|aceme
nt UAkM
L
0
0 10 3
L
1
2 20 13
L
2
4 30 30
L
3
6 40
L
4
8
L
3
10
Can we obLaln an equaLlon for each
case?
uerLo de veracruz
Average speed 80 km/h
ulsLance 28164 km
uebla
a) ls Lhe car golng always ln a sLralghL
llne?
b) ls Lhe speed Lhe same all Lhe Lrlp?
2.1.5. Velocidad media e instantnea
vlslL Lhe appleL
hLLp//wwweducaplusorg/movl/2_4dlsLanclahLml
Average veloclLy
lnsLanL veloclLy ls an ob[ecL's veloclLy ln an lnsLanL of Llme
Speed ? veloclLy
9
/
9

F 0
inst
lim v
interval time
distance Total

v
9
/
9
v
9
/
v


F
F
distance
time
nt displaceme vectorial
2.1.6. Vectores desplazamiento, velocidad y aceleracin
orlgln desLlny
x
Are d|sp|acement
ve|oc|ty and
acce|erat|on vectors?
Why?
desLlny
orlgln
2.1.7. Aceleracin positiva y negativa
Crlgln
uesLlny
1 m/s 2 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s 3 m/s 6 m/s
0 +x
Crlgln uesLlny
100 km/h 80 km/h 60 km/h 40 km/h 20 km/h
0 +x
x 0
13 fL/s 12 fL/s 9 fL/s 6 fL/s 3 fL/s 0 fL/s
Crlgln uesLlny
hLLp//wwweducaplusorg/movl/2_
6aceleraclonhLml
varlables varlables LhaL LhaL descrlbes descrlbes moLlon moLlon
ulsLance ulsLance Lraveled Lraveled d d r r s s x x or or yy (m) (m)
oslLlon oslLlon d d or or rr (m) (m)
1lme 1lme LL (s) (s)
Speed Speed vv (m/s) (m/s)
veloclLy veloclLy vv (m/s) (m/s)
AceleraLlon AceleraLlon a a (m/s (m/s
22
) )
2.1.8. Variables relacionadas con MRU y MUA
2.1.8. Variables relacionadas con MRU y MUA
9
v v
x
x a v v
9 a v v
9 a
9 v x
x
f
x
x
x
x
f
x
x
x
f
x
x

2
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0

c

9
/
v
9
/
v

F
F
9
/
9

F 0
inst
lim v
0 1
0 1

t
x
9
x
v

ConsLanL moLlon
lnsLanL veloclLy
9 v x c

Average veloclLy
ConsLanL acceleraLlon
2.1.9. Solucin de problemas
1) A roboL named lreud moves lnlLlally aL 22 m/s by a corrldor
ln a space sLaLlon 1hen he acceleraLes havlng a flnal veloclLy
of 48 m/s ln a Llme lnLerval of 020s ueLermlne Lhe
magnlLude of Lhe average acceleraLlon along lLs Lra[ecLory (Sol
13 m/s
2
)
2) A bus Lravels 96 km wlLh a speed of 10 m/s how many hours
were requlred Lo compleLe Lhe Lrlp?
3) A moLorcycle drlves by a u shaped curve and Lravels 400 m ln
30 s 8uL lLs flnal poslLlon ls 40 m away lLs lnlLlal poslLlon WhaL
ls Lhe average speed and whaL ls Lhe magnlLude of Lhe
average veloclLy? (Sol 133 m/s 133 m/s al L)
4) A person walks 4 mln Lo Lhe norLh wlLh Lhe average veloclLy of 6
km/h Lhen Lo Lhe easL aL 4 km/h for 10 mln WhaL ls lLs average
speed? WhaL ls lLs average veloclLy? (Sol 437 km/h 333 km/h 31
0
)
3) A soccer ball rolls 3 m Lo Lhe Lop of a lncllned plane lL sLops and
reLurns 3 m lower Lhan Lhe orlgln polnL All of Lhls ln 2 s WhaL are
Lhe average speed and Lhe average veloclLy? (Sol 73 m/s 23 m/s hacla deba[o de
la rampa)
6) An aLhleLe runs 10 km LasL and 3km SouLh lf he does LhaL ln 2
hours whaL's Lhe average speed and average veloclLy?(Sol 73 km/h 1118
km/h 266
0
al SuresLe)
2.1.9. Solucin de problemas
7) A runner Lralns ln a clrcular paLh of 200m of perlmeLer a) WhaL
ls lLs average speed and average veloclLy lf he compleLes a Lurn ln
23s? b) WhaL ls Lhe speed and average veloclLy lf he compleLes half
Lurn ln 13s? (Sol a) 8 m/s 0 m/s b) 667 m/s 424 m/s)
2.1.9. Solucin de problemas
8) A mlllLar ls 6m away from Lhe base of a flagsLaff of 8m hlgh
ueLermlne Lhe dlsplacemenL vecLor of Lhe eagle LhaL ls on Lhe Lop
of Lhe flagsLaff wlLh respecL Lo Lhe mlllLar's feeL ( 10 m 3313
0
)
9) llnd Lhe dlsLance Lraveled and Lhe resulLanL dlsplacemenL of Lhe
followlng movemenLs 2 m aL 40
0
and 4 m aL 127
0
( 6 m 46 m 101
0
)
VISI1
hLLp//wwweducaplusorg/movl/2_3velocldadhLml
2110 roblemas M8u y MuA
1) Pow much Llme wlll Lake Lo run 400 km lf Lhe average speed ls 90km/h?(Sol 444 h)
2) A roboLlc arm moves lefL aL 8 m/s 4 s laLer lL moves lefL aL 2 m/s WhaL ls Lhe
change ln veloclLy and whaL ls lLs acceleraLlon? (Sol 10 m/s 230 m/s
2
)
3) A vehlcle moves lnlLlally aL 30 km/h and acceleraLes aL a raLlo of 4 m/s
2
for 3 s
WhaL ls Lhe speed aL Lhe end of Lhls perlod of Llme? (Sol 239 m/s)
4) A Lruck LhaL Lravels wlLh a speed of 60 ml/h slows down unLll lL sLops ln a space
of 180 fL WhaL were Lhe average acceleraLlon and Lhe Llme Laken Lo sLop? (Sol
213 fL/s
2
409 s)
3) A Lraln Lravels aL 130 km/h when Lhe drlver observes a broken car over Lhe Lraln
Lrack aL 30 m of dlsLance WhaL average acceleraLlon musL be applled Lo sLop
Lhe Lraln before hlLLlng Lhe car and whaL ls Lhe lnLerval of Llme? (Sol 1736 m/s
2
24 s)
6) A cerLaln auLomoblle ls capable of acceleraLe from 10ml/h Lo 100ml/hr ln 8
seconds A) calculaLe Lhe acceleraLlon of Lhe auLomoblle ln m/s
2
b) CalculaLe
Lhe dlsLance ln meLers LhaL Lhe auLomoblle Lravels (Sol 303 m/s
2
1967 m)
9rob|ems
2110 roblemas M8u y MuA
7 1he subway sLarLs movlng from one sLaLlon and acceleraLes for 10 s aL 2 m/s
2
1
Lhen sLops acceleraLlng and Lravels llke LhaL for 30sec flnally Lhe Lraln sLops wlLh a
raLe of 4 m/s
2
unLll lL sLops ln Lhe nexL sLaLlon WhaL ls Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhe
Lwo sLaLlons? (Sol 730 m)
8 A car ls aL resL ln a corner and observes LhaL a Lruck LhaL ls 30m ahead ls movlng
aL a consLanL speed of 10 m/s lf ln LhaL momenL Lhe car sLarLs movlng wlLh a
consLanL acceleraLlon of 3 m/s
2
haw many Llme Lakes Lhe car Lo reach Lhe Lruck
and whaL ls Lhe veloclLy of Lhe car ln LhaL momenL? (Sol 69 s)
9 1he veloclLy of a LracLor ls reduclng unlformly from 12 m/s Lo 3 m/s lf durlng
LhaL Llme Lhe LracLor Lravels a dlsLance of 100m a) calculaLe Lhe deceleraLlon of
Lhe LracLor Supposlng LhaL Lhe LracLor ls movlng wlLh Lhe same acceleraLlon b)
whaL dlsLance can lL Lravel unLll lL geLs Lo resL? (Sol 060 m/s
2
2083 m)
2.1.11. Grficas de posicin,
desplazamiento y velocidad vs tiempo
uC1|C G#AMB uC1|C G#AMB
vlslL Lhe appleL
hLLp//wwwwalLerfendLde/ph11s/acceleraLlon_shLm
IkLL IALL IkLL IALL
VLk1ICAL MC1ICN VLk1ICAL MC1ICN
2.1.11. Grficas de posicin,
desplazamiento y velocidad vs tiempo
2.1.12. Grficas de velocidad, aceleracin
y desplazamiento vs tiempo
WL8 SI1LS
hLLp//wwweducaplusorg/movl/3_2graflcashLml
hLLp//wwweducaplusorg/movl/3_3areahLml
9rob|ems
1 1he followlng daLa descrlbes Lhe poslLlon of an ob[ecL along Lhe x axls as a
funcLlon of Llme Craph Lhe daLa and flnd Lhe lnsLanL veloclLy of Lhe ob[ecL ln
(a) L3 s b) L16 s c) L23 s (Sol 0018 m/s en dlreccln x poslLlva 0 m/s 0013 m/s en dlreccln x
negaLlva)
t (s)
2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28
x (m)
0 4 78 113 143 168 186 197 20 193 182 162 133 103 67
2.1.13. Aceleracin debido a la gravedad
sin friccin con el aire
WFree fall is the trajectory of a body under the action of a
gravitational field.
WGalileo Galilei was the first to deduce that in the absence of
friction, all bodies fall to the earth with the same acceleration.
Until the time of Galileo, people followed the teachings of
Aristotle, that heavy objects fall proportionally faster then
lighter objects.
WHeavier objects are proportionally more difficult to
accelerate, this resistance to a change in motion is called
inertia.
WIn a vacuum, a feather will fall at the same rate as a steel ball
because the larger inertial effect of the steel ball compensates
exactly for its larger weight.
Acce|era||cm due |c grav||g u||bcu| |r|c||cm Acce|era||cm due |c grav||g u||bcu| |r|c||cm
W%o solve free fall problems, we`ll use the
Uniform Accelerated Motion, but we`ll take the
motion in the y axis and the accelerations is
going to be a
y
-9.8 m/s
2
or -32.0 ft/s
2
,or the
sign represents that the acceleration of an
object in free fall is downwards.
WIn the moon surface the gravity is -1.6 m/s
2
.
WIn order to simplify the analysis of a free fall
body, we`re not taking the friction due to the
air.
2.1.13. Aceleracin debido a la gravedad
sin friccin con el aire
lf Lhe alr reslsLance ls neglecLed (ln vacuum) Lhe
free fall moLlon ls unlformly acceleraLed moLlon
1he acceleraLlon due gravlLy ls lndependenL of Lhe
mass of Lhe body
Aerodynamlc reslsLance ls Lhe force LhaL ob[ecLs
Lhe advance of a body Lhrough Lhe alr
2 2
2
2 ) 4 (
2
1
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
4 f
4
4 f
v v gy
g9 9 v y
g9 v v
9 v y

lf an elephanL and an anL fall from a bulldlng do Lhey fall aL Lhe same Llme?
2.1.13. Aceleracin debido a la gravedad
sin friccin con el aire
1. rubber ball is dropped Irom rest, Irom a height oI 50m over the ground. (a) what is
the speed oI the ball a moment beIore hitting the Iloor? (b) how many time is required to
reach the Iloor? (Sol. 31.3 m/s, 3.19 s)
2. stone is thrown vertically upward and elevates at a height oI 20 m. What was its
initial speed? (Sol. 19.8 m/s)
3. nother stone is thrown upward with a speed oI 20m/s. On its way
down somebody catches it in a point 5 m above the place where it was
thrown. (a) what is the catching speed? (b) how many time was the ball in
the air? (Sol. 17.4 m/s, 3.8 s)
9rob|ems
. baseball is thrown vertically upward in the moon, with a initial speed
oI 35 m/s. Calculate (a) the maximum height oI the baseball, (b) the time
needed to reach that height, (c) its speed aIter 30 s and (d) when the
baseball is 100m high. (Sol. 383 m, 21.9 s, -13 m/s, 3.1 y 40.6 s)
2.1.14. Ejercicios cada libre
2.1.14. Ejercicios cada libre
. rom a balloon that is 300m over the ground and is elevating at
13m/s, we drop a bag. or the bag, Iind (a) the maximum height, (b) its
position and velocity aIter 5 s, (c) the time taken to Iall and hit the Iloor.
(Sol. 8.6 300 m, 300 58 m,-36 m/s, 9.3 s )
6. baseball thrown vertically upward Irom the rooI oI a tall building
has an initial velocity oI 20 m/s. (a) calculate the time required to reach
its maximum height. (b) ind the maximum height. (c) Determine its
position and velocity aIter 1.5 s. (d) What is its position and velocity
aIter 5 s?
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
1uc 1uc--d|mems|cma| mc||cm d|mems|cma| mc||cm
|rcjec|||e mc||cm| |rcjec|||e mc||cm|
The motion oI a projectile has a parabolic trajectory.
We may solve these kind oI problems neglecting the air resistance.
We must consider the projectile motion as 2 independent motion: horizontal and
vertical.
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
The independence oI the vertical and horizontal motion generates a series oI vectors:
Displacement (position), velocity and acceleration.
WEB SITES:
http://www.educaplus.org/movi/43tparabolico.html
http://www.walter-Iendt.de/ph11s/index.html
The trajectory oI a projectile is a parabola.
or the horizontal motion: a0, y V
I
V
i
V
prom
(M.R.U)
or the vertical motion a g - 9.81 m/s
2
We neglect air resistance, so when motion is going down we know that a
y
-g,
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
7
7
$03 v v
C48 v v
y
x
c
c
9
v v
Y
Y g v v
9 g v v
9 g
9 v Y
fy y
y fy
y fy
y

c c
c
c
c
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
Vert|ca| mot|on (MkUA) nor|zonta| mot|on(MkU)
9
x
J
x

1uc 1uc d|mems|cma| d|mems|cma| ama|gs|s ama|gs|s
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
rcb|em rcb|em--Bc|v|mg Bc|v|mg B|ra|egg B|ra|egg
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
1 8esolve Lhe lnlLlal veloclLy v0 lnLo lLs x and y componenLs
2 1he horlzonLal and verLlcal componenLs of Lhe dlsplacemenL aL any lnsLanL are
glven by
3 1he horlzonLal and verLlcal componenLs of Lhe veloclLy are glven by
4 1he flnal poslLlon and veloclLy can Lhen be obLalned from Lhelr componenLs
3 Make sure LhaL you use Lhe approprlaLe slgns and conslsLenL unlLs
7 cos
0 0
v v
x

7 sin
0 0
v v
y

2
0
0
2
1
g9 9 v y
9 v x
y
x

g9 v v
v v
y y
x x

0
0
1. rom the top oI a cliII oI 80m tall, a proyectile is shot with a horizontal velocity oI
30m/s. a) How many time is needed to impact in the base oI the cliII? B) at what
distance is the impact happening Irom the base oI the cliII? C) What is the velocity
vector oI the impact and with what angle? (Sol. a) 4 s b) 121 m c)50 m/s a 53

)
2. n airplane traveling at 70m/s drops a box oI supplies. What horizontal distance
will the box travel beIore striking the groun 340m below? (Sol. 583 m)
3. baseball leaves the bat with a velocity oI 30m/s at an angle oI 30. What are the
horizontal and vertical components oI its velocity aIter 3 s? (Sol. 26.0m/s, -14.4 m/s)
1uc 1uc d|mems|cma| d|mems|cma| mc||cm mc||cm
2.1.15. Movimiento en dos dimensiones
(proyectiles)
4. putting green is located 240 It horizontally and 64 It vertically Irom
the tee. What must be the magnitude and direction oI the initial
velocity iI a ball is to strike the green at this location aIter a time oI
4s? (sol. 100It/s, 53.1)
5. ball is thrown Irom the top oI a building to a taller building, located
at a distance oI 50m. The initial velocity is 20m/s with an angle oI
40 over the horizontal. t what distance, over or under its inital
level, will the ball hit on the opposite wall? (Sol. 105 m under its original level)
5. n arrow leaves the bow with an initial velocity oI 120It/s at an angle
oI 37 with the horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical
components oI its displacement two seconds later? (nd. X208It,
y56.0It)
6. n aircraIt Ilying horizontally at 500 mi/h releases a package. our
seconds later, the package strikes the ground below. What was the
altitude oI the plane? (ans. 256It)
SPISH PROBLEMS
7. Un avion de rescate quiere dejar suministros a alpinistas aislados
en una colina situada a 200 m debajo. Si el avion esta volando
horizontalmente con rapidez de 250 km/h, a) a que distancia
antes de los alpinistas (horizontalmente) deben dejarse caer los
suministros?, b) En vez de esto, suponga que el avion deja caer
los suministros a 400 m por delante de los alpinistas Que
velocidad vertical debe darse a los suministros (hacia arriba o
abajo) para que estos lleguen precisamente a la posicion de los
alpinistas?, c) con que velocidad aterrizarian en este ultimo
caso? (Sol. a) 440 m, b) -6.1 m/s, c) 93 m/s).
8. un balon se le da un puntapie con un angulo de 37
0
a una
velocidad de 20 m/s. Calcule a) la altura maxima , b) el tiempo de
viaje antes de que el balon choque con el suelo, c) Que tan lejos
toca el suelo? d) el vector velocidad en la altura maxima, y e) el
vector aceleracion en la altura maxima. Suponga que el balon
deja el pie al nivel del suelo y desprecie la Iriccion con el aire.
(Sol. a) 7.35 m, b) 2.45 s, c) 39.2 m, d) V
x
16 m/s, e) -9.8 m/s
2
)
9) Desde el techo de un ediIicio de 120 m de altura, se lanza
horizontalmente una piedra hacia un segundo ediIicio que esta a 40 m
del primero. Con que rapidez debe lanzarse esta piedra para que entre
por una ventana del segundo ediIicio ubicada a 15 m del piso? (Sol. 8. m/s)
10) Un avion viaja en picada haciendo un angulo 0 25
o
por debajo de la horizontal y
deja caer un saco de arena en el instante en que se encuentra a una altura H 700 m
del suelo. Si se observa que el saco llega al suelo 5 segundos despues de ser soltado,
diga que rapidez tenia el avion al soltar el saco.
(Sol 983.9 km/h)
#IIOS D #!SO #IIOS D #!SO
Pg.76. Problemas 37-51.
Seccin 3.5. Giambattista, Alan.
Archivo PDF "Cada libre y Tiro
parablico.