Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Word Roots: cata- = down an- = up bio- = life kinet- = movement therm- = heat ex- = out endo- = within allo- = different
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Bioenergetics the study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Energy Transfer In Life

Reaction Coupling
Catabolic reactions Fermentation Cellular Respiration Anabolic reactions Macromolecules ATP Glucose (C6H12O6) G = - 686 kcal/mol ADP + Pi + 7.3 kcal/mol C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ATP 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

Oxidation/Reduction Reactions (Redox)

The relocation of e- releases E from organic molecules. Loss of is e- oxidation. Gain of is e- reduction.

LEO the lion goes GER!!!

 e- donor reducing agent. e- acceptor oxidizing agent. Note: Redox can happen without a complete transfer of electrons.

Highly electronegative atoms are strong oxidizers Oxygen.

Pulling e- away from an atom requires energy

e- lose energy when then move from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom.

e-

O2

Hydrogen low electronegativity Oxygen high electronegativity Hydrocarbons many uphill eGasoline Glucose Excellent fuel source lots of e- to travel downhill energy released.

H
e-

O
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Energy Release

Glucose is broken down in steps. Electrons are removed transported with protons Carried by NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Niacin Dehydrogenase

Reduced

Oxidized

e- transfer to O2 from NADH G = - 53 kcal/mol

FOOD NADH ETC OXYGEN

The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview

The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview

Stage-1: Glycolysis No O2 Cytoplasm Substrate Level Phosphorylation Catabolic Dehydrogenases and NAD+

Stage-2: Citric Acid Cycle O2 Mitochondrial Matrix Substrate Level Phosphorylation Catabolic Dehydrogenases and NAD+ Stage-3: Electron Transport Chain O2 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Oxidative Phosphorylation Anabolic Proton Pump and ATP synthase

Glycolysis
Hexose to Triose Glucose Oxidized to Pyruvate Energy Investment Phase Energy Payoff Phase

Energy Investment Phase Step 1: Hexokinase Phosphate traps glucose Increases reactivity

Step 2: Isomerases

Step 3: Activated for cleavage Allosterically regulated

Step 4: Cleavage Creation of Structural Isomers Step 5: Isomerase Active molecule G-3-P

Energy Payoff Phase Step 6: Sugar is oxidized Very exergonic Phosphorylation of oxidized sugar

Step 7: Substrate Level phosphorylation Sugar oxidized to and organic acid

Step 8: Phosphate relocated

Step 9: Dehydration reaction Creation of double bond Phosphate bond unstable

Step 10: Substrate level phosphorylation Net 2 ATP produced.

Glycolysis a review
ATP used ATP produced NADH produced

The Glycolysis/Citric Acid Intermediate

O2 Required Mitochondrial Matrix Active transport of pyruvate Creation of Acetyl Coenzyme A
Fully oxidized very little E Very Reactive

2-C molecule

Sulfur-containing

The Citric Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Hans Krebs 1930s 8 Steps Specific enzymes Cycle 2 times per glucose FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide riboflavin

Step 1: 2-C + 4-C = 6-C Coenzyme A recycled Step 2: Isomerase

Step 3: CO2 released NAD+ Step 4: CO2 released NAD+ NADH Coenzyme A added NADH

Step 5: Coenzyme A removed GDP GTP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP! Step 6: FAD FADH2

Step 7: Hydration reaction Bond rearrangement Step 8: OAA regenerated NAD+ NADH

The Citric Acid Cycle A Review

CO2 Per glucose: 4 Per pyruvate: 2 NADH Per glucose: 6 Per pyruvate: 3 FADH2 Per glucose: 2 Per pyruvate: 1 ATP Per glucose: 2 Per pyruvate: 1

Pathway of the Electron Transport Chain

Inner membrane of the mitochondria Cristae 4 protein components I- IV Prosthetic groups e- carriers arranged in a downhill formation NADH begins at Protein Complex I FADH2 begins at Protein Complex II

Protein Complex I Flavoprotein Flavin mononucleotide Iron-sulfide Ubiquinone Non-protein Hydrophobic Mobile Protein Complex II FAD Iron-sulfide

Protein Complex III Cytochrome b (heme) Iron-sulfide Cytochrome c1 (heme) Cytochrome c Not in a protein Protein Complex IV Cytochrome a (heme) Cytochrome a3 (heme) Oxygen Final electron acceptor

The Electron Transport Chain

Makes no ATP directly G = -53 kcal/mol Proton gradient created

Chemiosmosis Energy coupling

Inner mitochondrial memebrane ATP synthase Reverse ion pump Proton-motive force Bacteria Gradient across cell membrane Generate ATP Pump materials Rotate flagella

Accounting 101
NADH = Max 3 ATP 10 H+ across membrane 3-4 H+ = 1ATP FADH2 = max 2 ATP Shuttle from Cytoplasm NAD+ - liver cells FAD brain cells Total 36-38 ATP produced 40% efficient

Fermentation
No O2 anaerobic Substrate-level phosphorylation NAD+

Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast Bacteria Lactic Acid Fermentation Bacteria Fungi Muscle cells Liver recycles lactic acid Facultative Anaerobes

Evolutionary Significance
O2 lacking in primitive atmosphere Heterotroph Hypothesis Anaerobic Heterotrophs Anaerobic Autotrophs Aerobic Heterotrophs Aerobic Autotrophs

Metabolic Pathways Catabolism

Proteins Deamination Fats Gycerol G-3-P Beta oxidation

Metabolic Pathways Anabolism

Biosynthesis Create amino acids Acetyl CoA fatty acids Dihydroxacetone Phosphate fat precursor

Regulation
Feedback Inhibition Enzyme regulation Phosphofructokinase Allosteric Inhibited ATP Citrate Activated AMP