Photosynthe sis and Plant Movements

BIOLOGY PROJECT

NAME: SHAHAB AKHTAR RABBANI CLASS: X SEC: G TOPIC: photosynthesis and plant movements EXAM NO.: 10722

PLANT MOVEMENT S

A directional growth or movement made by a part of a stationary plant in response to environmental stimulus. The dictionary defines tropism as an orientation of an organism to an external stimuli. There are numerous types of tropisms : Hydrotropism Phototropism Geotropism Chemotropism Thigmotropism Heliotropism Thermotropism

GEOTROPISM
Geotropism is the growth of a living organism in response to gravity. There are two types of geotropisms. They are: 1. Positive geotropism 2. Negative geotropism Positive Geotropism It is the growth of an organism (i.e. plants) towards the centre of the earth. Negative Geotropism It is the growth of an organism away from the centre of the earth.
An example of geotropism is given in the picture. Negative Geotropism

Positive Geotropism

IMPORTANCE OF GEOTROPISM
Provides firm anchorage for roots. Ensure the plant can get adequate supply of water & mineral salts.

PHOTOTROPISM
The growth response of a living organism on response to light direction is called phototropism. Like geotropism even phototropism is of 2 types: 1. Positive 2. Negative In positive phototropism living organism grow towards the light. For example- Stems are positively phototrophic. In negative phototropism living organisms grow away from the light. For example- Roots are negatively phototrophic.
Negative Phototropism Positive Phototropism

IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOTROPISM
Phototropism enables leaves to be in a position to receive as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis.

HYDROTROPISM
Hydrotropism is the growth of a living organism Growing away from water in response to water. Hydrotropism is the (Negative Hydrotropism) directed growth of the root in relation to the gradient in moisture. It begins in the root cap with the sensing of moisture. Both positive and negative hydrotropism exist in living organisms and its direction of growth depends upon a stimulus or gradient in water concentration.
Growing towards water (Positive Hydrotropism)

IMPORTANCE OF HYDROTROPISM
Ensures

that a plant gets enough water as a raw material for photosynthesis & enough mineral salts to maintain normal growth

The shoot tip produces auxins which diffuse downward. The auxins diffuse to the shaded side due to the
presence of unilateral light. High auxin concentration stimulates growth in shoot.

Phototropism in Shoot

The shaded side grows faster than the lighted side The shoot bends towards the light.

Geotropism in Root
The root tip produces auxins which diffuse to the elongation region. The auxins diffuse to the lower side due to gravity.

High auxin concentration inhibits growth in root. The lower side grows slower than the upper side. The root bends downward

THIGMOTROPISM
Thigmotropism is the growth of a living organism in response to a touch/contact. As in all tropisms there exist positive and negative thigmotropism. Positive thigmotropism is where a living organism grows and clings to a wall or a fence. Negative thigmotropism is the opposite. It is where a living organism grows away from a touching object.

A thigmotropic plant

HELIOTROPISM
Heliotropism is quite similar to phototropism. Now, as we know that phototropism is the response of a living organism in response to light but heliotropism is the diurnal motion of the plant flowers or leaves in response to the direction of the sun. The most famous examples of heliotropism is the sunflower. Heliotropism was first described by Leonardo Da Vinci.

Thermotropism is the tendency of plants or other organisms to bend toward or away from heat as the movement of a plant or plant part in response to changes in temperature. A common example is the curling of Rhododendron leaves in response to cold temperatures. Thermotropism is often called thermotropic movement .

THERMOTROPIS M

Chemotropism
Chemotropism is movement caused by chemical stimulus in organisms such as bacteria and plants. An example of chemotropic movement can be seen during the growth of the pollen tube. This growth of the pollen tube is always towards the ovules.