ARTIFICIAL: made by humans: made by human beings

rather than occurring Naturally.. INSEMINATION : put semen into female reproductive tract: to insert sperm into the reproductive tract of a female FERTILIZATION: union of male and female cells: the union of male and female reproductive cells gametes to produce a fertilized reproductive cell zygote. IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION : artificial fertilization: fertilization of an ovum by sperm outside the body when normal conception is not achievable because of a woman's low fertility. After five days, this is followed by implantation in the womb.

SURROGATE Mother:A woman who bears a child for another person,

often for pay, either through artificial insemination or by carrying until birth another woman's surgically implanted fertilized egg.

INFERTILITY: sterility; inability to bear offspring.

Azoospermia: complete absence of sperm in his semen. Aspermia: is the complete lack of semen

SPERM: is derived from the Greek word sperma (meaning "seed")

Oligospermia: low sperm count

Donor: someone who gives to a needful patient(recipient or donee)

SPERM CELL : fluid ejaculated by male: the thick white fluid containing sperm that a male ejaculates.

EGG CELL : reproductive cell, ovum, egg cell, ovule

The reproductive anatomy of the male human is largely external. Beginning at puberty, sperm are produced within seminiferous tubules of the testicles, a pair of glands that reside in a pouch called the scrotum. The external location of the scrotum keeps the temperature of sperm slightly below body temperature, which is necessary for their healthy development and survival. From each testicle, sperm migrate to a long, coiled tube known as the epididymis, where they are stored for one to three weeks until they mature. Also located outside the body is the penis, the erectile organ responsible for the excretion of urine and the transfer of sperm to the vagina of the female. Just before ejaculation during sexual arousal, mature sperm travel from the epididymis, a coiled tube behind each testicle, through a long duct called the vas deferens. Sperm leave the body in semen, a fluid produced by the seminal vesicles.

The bones of the human female pelvis form a bowl-shaped cavity that supports the weight of a developing fetus and encloses the organs of the female reproductive tract. Two ovaries, the female gonads, produce mature eggs. Leading away from the ovaries are the fallopian tubes, or oviducts, the site of fertilization. The uterus, a muscular organ with an expandable neck called the cervix, houses the developing fetus, which leaves the woman's body through the vagina, or birth canal.

What is Artificial Insemination?

Artificial insemination is the name given to any type of procedure that places sperm inside your reproductive tract through a method other than sexual intercourse. Artificial insemination is often used when a male partner is unable to ejaculate during intercourse or when a woman is experiencing difficulties with ovulation or cervical mucus. There are four main types of artificial insemination, including:
ITI , or intratubal insemination ICI, or intracervical insemination IVI, or intravaginal insemination IUI, or intrauterine insemination

ICI, or intracervical insemination

where semen is injected high into the cervix with a needle-less syringe. This process most closely replicates the way in which semen is deposited by the penis in the cervix or fornix when the male ejaculates during vaginal intercourse.

CERVIX

Benefit from Intracervical Insemination ICI is of particular benefit to couples that are facing specific problems with their fertility. Couples who choose to undergo ICI are typically fertile and have no underlying problems with their reproductive organs. Couples often choose ICI when the male partner is having difficulty ejaculating during sexual intercourse, as the procedure allows the sperm to be placed inside the woman artificially.

You may also choose to undergo ICI if you are:

1.ovulating naturally 2. ovulating as a result of Clomid, or other fertility drugs 3. are using donor sperm 4. are using a surrogate

A speculum is inserted in to your vagina. This is a plastic or metal instrument that helps to hold open your vagina and expose your cervix. A thin plastic tube, called a catheter, is inserted into your vagina until it reaches your cervix. A syringe filled with your partners sperm is attached to the end of the catheter. The sperm sample is pushed out of the syringe and travels through the catheter, where it is deposited around your cervix. A soft sponge cap may be placed over your cervix in order to prevent leakage of any sperm. This sponge can be removed between six and eight hours after the procedure.

The Intracervical Insemination Procedure

IUI, or intrauterine insemination

However, more technical procedures may be used which increase the chances of conception. For example, 'washed sperm', that is, spermatozoa which have been removed from most other components of the seminal fluids, can be injected directly into a woman's uterus in a process called intrauterine insemination (IUI).

ITI, or intratubal insemination eggs and sperm are mixed outside the woman's body and then immediately inserted into the Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place.

ITI, or intratubal insemination

IVI, or intravaginal insemination In the case of vaginal artificial insemination, thawed frozen semen or fresh semen is inserted into the vagina by means of a needleless syringe, or it is placed there by means of a Dutch cap which is used to hold the semen in place in the vagina

Human artificial insemination In humans artificial insemination is used as assisted reproductive technology primarily to treat infertility but is increasingly used to enable women without a male partner (i.e. single women and lesbians) to become pregnant and to produce children by using sperm provided by a sperm donor. The woman is the genetic and gestational mother of the child, and the sperm donor is the genetic or biological father of the child.
A sperm sample will be provided by the male partner of the woman undergoing artificial insemination, but sperm provided through sperm donation by a sperm donor may be used if, for example, the woman's partner produces too few motile sperm, if he carries a genetic disorder, or if the woman has no male partner. Sperm is usually obtained through masturbation or the use of an electrical stimulator, although a special condom, known as a collection condom, may be used to collect the semen during intercourse.

Artificial Insemination Using Donor Sperm

Married women can choose to be inseminated with their husbands' sperm (provided the sperm is viable) or with the sperm of a donor from a sperm bank, a process called artificial insemination by donor (AID). A married woman may use a sperm donation if artificial insemination by husband (AIH) is not an option due to male factor infertility; a single woman may elect AID in order to have a baby by herself.

Several methods of extracting semen for AI purposes:

1. Masturbation, after a short period of abstinence from ejaculation (3 to 12 days) 2. Condomistic intercourse 3. Coitus interruptus 4. Anal massage of the prostate gland 5. Direct puncture of the epididymis

Two basic types of AI:

1. Homologous insemination
often called AIH, semen is obtained from the husband himself. Artificial insemination by the husband

2. Heterologous insemination
semen is acquired from a donor other than the husband. Artificial insemination by donor

Justification for AIH

Husbands impotence Anatomical defects of husbands urethra Deficient sperm count or oligospermia Some types of spinal injury Some husbands who undergo vasectomy Physiological obstruction in the genital apparatus of the wife

AID can be conducted by means of the following methods:

1. Heterologous artificial insemination
Used to obtain a human conception through the transfer into the genital tracts of the wife of the sperm previously extracted from a donor other than the husband

2. Heterologous IVF and ET

Used to obtain a human conception through IVF

Justifications for AID

Husband is sterile or azoospermia Husband is a carrier of a hereditary disease Wifes oocytes are defective or carrier of certain genetically-linked disorders Wifes fallopian tubes are severely damaged by gonorrhea

What is In Vitro Fertilization (I.V.F)?

The term in vitro, from the Latin root meaning in glass because experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.

What is In Vitro Fertilization (I.V.F)?

The term in vitro, from the Latin root meaning in glass because experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.

What is In Vitro Fertilization (I.V.F)?

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a procedure in which eggs (ova) from a woman's ovary are removed, they are fertilized with sperm in a laboratoryprocedure,and then the fertilized egg (embryo) is returned to the woman's uterus.

PURPOSE of In Vitro Fertilization (I.V.F)?

to help infertile couples to conceive a child INDICATIONS of In Vitro Fertilization (I.V.F)? Women with blocked, damaged Fallopian tubes or inoperable tubes or whose tubes have been removed after ectopic pregnancies. Women with endometriosis. Women with cervical mucus problems. Men with infertility problems Men or women with immunological infertility problems Couples with unexplained infertility.

Why the Catholic Church is opposed artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization

specific view of conception, and of the nature of human life. The Catholic church believes (as do many other religious traditions) that life begins at conception. Church opposes artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization precisely because these procedures interfere with the natural course of conception. Church opposes artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization precisely because these procedures interfere with the natural course of conception. In vitro fertilization and artificial insemination interrupt the natural course of things, and separate the conception from marriage, and even from sex. Sex, as an act of love between a husband and a wife, is undeniably connected with conception , the Catholic Church believes that the use of donor sperm or donor eggs, as are often used in artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, create practical problems for the child once that child is born The catechism states that such procedures infringe on "the child's right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage" Finally, because it believes that the potential for life exists in every sexual act

Procedure of In Vitro Fertilization

Application of ethical theories

Natural law ethics
Considers AI to be immoral, child is not fruit of the conjugal act as an expression of personal love. Fertilization is licit only when it is the result of conjugal act which is per se suitable for the generation of children to which marriage is ordered by its very nature

Application of ethical theories

Situational ethics
Endorses AI our right to overcome childlessness

Utilitarianism
Promote more good than harm, more happiness than unhappiness, more pleasure than pain for childless couple.

Application of ethical theories

Moral pragmatist
AI is the most practical, beneficial and useful technique to be undertaken. decision, however must be optional and volitional.

Kants concept
Person who has to decide by and for his or her own welfare seems to be in keeping with the personal decision of a childless couple

What is your stand regarding this line ?

The prime goal is to alleviate suffering, and not to prolong life. And if your treatment does not alleviate suffering, but only prolongs life, that treatment should be stopped.

Greek language: eu means good and thanatos , death. Euthanasia literally means a "Good Death" in Greek. Mercy killing or murder The [painless] termination of life, from one who has been suffering, so as to end suffering

Mercy Killing

Taking direct action to terminate a patient's life, but without the patient's permission (Involuntary) Direct action to terminate a patient's life because the patient has requested it per Thiroux

Mercy Death Including PhysicianAssisted Suicide

Active Euthanasia (also called positive or direct):

"Taking direct action, such as a lethal injection, to kill a person; also known as "mercy killing'" (Bedeau 199) The act of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable conditions or diseases.

Passive Euthanasia ( also called negative or indirect)

"Allowing patients to die by withholding life support or medical treatment that would prolong their lives" Bedeau 199 (no CPR no antibiotics) Any act of allowing a patient to die

Brain Death

1. unresponsiveness - unreceptivity 2. No spontaneous movements or breathing 3. No reflexes 4. A flat EEG (electroencephalogram) Disconnecting a respirator from a brain dead (medically dead) person is not considered mercy killing "Patients who are determined to be brain dead, based on the Harvard Criteria, are medically and legally dead, and no further medical treatment is required." Bedeau

Death

Death occurs at the moment that the brain activity necessary to control autonomous biological functions ceases. (a loose general definition) Involves damage to the cerebral cortex or neocortex (cognitive functions) The brain stem functions continue (usually there is breathing and heartbeat) People are often awake but not apparently

Persistent Vegetative State (PSV)

the killing of a person with the intent to end suffering. It is broken down into two categories,

- active euthanasia being when doctors and family members decide to actively kill to end suffering.
- Passive euthanasia lets the suffering person die by withholding extraordinary medical care allowing the disease kill instead of a person.

Active euthanasia : the act of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable conditions or diseases.
Three types of Active Euthanasia:
Involuntary - the death of a patient by a medical practitioner without the patient's consent.

Non-Voluntary - a surrogate decision maker, not the patient himself or herself, asks a physician for assistance to end another person's life.
Voluntary - the intentional termination of life at the patient's request by someone other than the patient.

Passive euthanasia refers to any act of allowing a patient to die.

Involves withdrawing or withholding life-prolonging medical treatment with the intention to hasten death in the patient's interests because of the expected negative quality of life.

Passive euthanasia is letting someone die where as Active euthanasia is doing something that kills them.

TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
EUTHANASIA BY COMMISSION
It is also called active euthanasia . It refers to the positive act of causing death that is geared towards termination of pain and suffering . By positive act is meant a measure necessary to end the life of a suffering Person Is directly used . EX. LETHAL INJECTION

EUTHANASIA BY OMISSION
It is also called passive euthanasia . It refers to the negative act of causing death That is geared towards termination of pain and suffering . By negative act is meant a measure necessary to sustain the life of a Suffering person is omitted ,withheld or withdrawn . Example: food and water are withdrawn to bring about the earlier death of a terminally ill patient .

4 - CONDITIONS OF THE OPTION FOR EUTHANASIA

WHEN THE PATIENT IS TERMINALLY ILL OR INCURABLY SICK

WHEN THE PATIENT EXPERIENCES UNBEARABLE SUFFERING WHEN THE PATIENT MAKES A VOLUNTARY DECISION WHEN THE PATIENTS LIFE IS DEEMED TO BE NOT ANYMORE WORTH LIVING

ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF EUTHANASIA

AN ACT OF MERCY PROLONGING THE SUFFERING OF A DYING PATIENT IS AN ACT OF CRUELTY

A DIGNIFIED DEATH
EUTHANASIA SERVES THE BEST INTEREST OF THE PATIENT , THE RELATIVES , AND THE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER EUTHANASIA IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOLDEN RULE