CHAPTER 5: INHERITANCE

The transmission of particular characteristic from generation to generation by means of the genetic code on the DNA of chromosom. CHARACTERISTICS A distinctive inherited featuresuch as height & colour. TRAITS Each variant for a specific characteristic GENOTYPE The genetic constituent of an organism PHENOTYPE The observable characteristic which is determine by the specific genotype, could be affected by environment factor. DOMINANT ALLELE. The allele that produces the phenotype RECESSIVE ALLELE The allele that produces the phenotype only when there is no dominant allele present.

HOMOZYGOTE Both the allele of a particular gene of a pair of homologous chromosome are identical.
HETEROZYGOTE Both the allele of a particular gene of a pair of homologous chromosome are diffeent. GENE A basic unit of inheritance that determines a particular characteristic consist of a segment of DNA nucleotide on a specific locus of a Chromosome. It controls a particular trait, Mendel called it FACTOR. ALLELE Alternative form og gene that has the same locus on homologous chromosome, comes from the male parent & the other from the female parent. PURE LINE. A population of organism, all having the same particular trait that been genetically unchanged through many generations. LOCUS. Location of gene on the chromosome.

MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE The study of one characteristic only. The inheritance involves a genetic cross between two parents that differed in only one characteristic.
CHARACTERISTICS STEM LENGTH FLOWER COLOUR SEED SHAPE TRAITS. TALL @ SHORT PURPLE @ WHITE ROUND @ WRINKLE

DIHYBRID INHERITANCE The inheritance of two characteristic, each controlled by different gene at a different locus.

MENDEL S FIRST LAW (SEGREGATION)

EACH INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ORGANISM IS DETERMINE BY PAIR OF ALLELE. THE PAIRS OF ALLELE SEGREGATE DURING MEIOSIS AND ONLY ONE O F EACH PAIR OF ALLELE CAN BE PRESENT IN A SINGLE GAMETE.

MENDEL S SECOND LAW (INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT DURING GAMETE FORMATION, EACH MEMBER OF A PAIR OF ALLELEMAY COMBINE RANDOMLY WITH EITHER MEMBER OF ANOTHER PAIR OF ALLELE.

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

ALELE IA AND I B ARE CODOMINANT ( BOTH ARE EXPRESSED EQUALY IN PHENOTYPE) WHILE ALLELE I O IS RECESSIVE.
BLOOD GROUP TYPES OF ANTIGEN A ANTIBODY IN BLOOD PLASMA ANTI-B GENOTYPE

I A IA , I A IO I B IB , I B IO

ANTI -A

AB

A& B

NONE

I A IB
I O IO

NONE

ANTI-A & ANTI-B

THE RHESUS FACTOR.

The rhesus factor is antigen present on the surface of red blood cell. This antigen results in agglutination when it reacts with the antibodies from individuals without this antigen. The rhesus factor is controlled by pair of allele Rh allele & rh allele. Rh allele is dominant over rh allele.

People with Rh allele is known as Rh positif ( Rh+Rh+ , Rh-Rh- ) Without Rh factor known as rh negetive. (Rh-Rh-)

THE CONDITION CALLED ERYTHROBLATOSIS FETALIS COULD OCCUR WHEN THE MOTHER & CHILD HAS DIFFERENT RHESUS FACTOR ( MOM RH - WHILE CHILD HAS RH +. MOTHERS ANTI RHESUS ANTIBODIES MAY CAUSE AGGLUTINATION & HAEMOLYSIS OF THE FOETAL RED BLOOD CELLS

AUTOSOMES & SEX CHROMOSOMES

Human have 46 chromosomes 44 Autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes ( X & Y).

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
SEX AUTOSOMES SEX CHROMOSOMES XY SOMATIC CELL 44 + XY GAMETES

MALE

44 (22 PAIRS)

22 + X & 22 + Y 22 + X & 22 + X

FEMALE 44 (22 PAIRS)

XX

44 + XX

HUMAN KARYOTYPES

THE FORMATION OF ABNORMAL GAMETE

NON DISJUNCTION DURING ANAPHASE I

SEX CHROMOSOMES ABNORMALITIES

SYNDROME
TURNER KLINEFELTER

GENOTYPE
XO XXY

SEX
FEMALES MALES

CHARACTERSTIC
LACK OF OVARIES: NO SEXUAL MATURITY NO SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTIC

SEX LINKAGE INHERITANCE

The genes on the sexchromosomes which are not involved in sex

determination are called sex-linkage genes. Diseases related to sex-linkage are : haemophilia & colour blindness are caused by recessive genes carried by X chromosome. Since male have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to suffer from the diseases which females are the carries of the diseases

GENOTYPE

HAEMOPHILIA

PHENOTYPE
NORMAL MALE HAEMOPHILIAC/ COLOUR BLIND NORMAL CARIER

COLOUR BLINDNESS

XH Y Xh Y XH XH XH Xh Xh Xh
-

XB Y XB Y XB XB XB Xb Xb

FEMALE
HAEMOPHILIAC/ COLOUR BLIND

HAEMOPHILIA DOMINANT ALLEL RECESSIVE ALLELE

XH Xh
-

COLOUR BLIND DOMINANT ALLEL - XB

RECESSIVE ALLELE

Xb

GENES, CHROMOSOMES, DNA

1. 2.

A chromosome is thread like twisted structure in the nucleus and carries genetic information It consists of hundreds or thousands genes Chromosomes can be divided into 2 parts:
Protein molecule: called histones, not carry any genetic information. DNA molecule : carry genetic information DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide strands coiled together by hydrogen bonds to form double helix. Nitrogenous base are : Adenine pair with Thymine Guanine pair with Cytosin

STRUCTURE OF DNA

CELL

NUCLEUS

CHROMOSOME

DNA

GENE

NUCLEOTIDE
PHOSPHATE NITROGENOUS BASE SUGAR (PENTOS)

STRUCTURE OF DNA

APPLICATION OF KNOWLWEDGE IN GENETICS

1. SELECTIVE BREEDING. To produce offspring that possess desirable characteristic of both parents. Eg: Tenera palm oil tree is produced by crossed breeding between Dura & Pisifera . DURA X PISIFERA
THICK SHELL LOW OIL CONTENT FRUITS DO NOT THIN SHELL HIGH OIL CONTENT FRUITS FALL OFF

FALL EASILY

EASILY

TENERA
THIN SHELL HIGH OIL CONTENT FRUITS DO NOT FALL

OFF EASILY

2.

Genetic engineering

Genetic therapy Genetic modified orgs.(GMO) Genetic modified food (GMF)

GT. The patient is given a healthy gene to replace a defective gene. Used to correct genetic defects such as sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis . GMO Microorgs such as bacteria & yeast are used to produce proteins include: Enzyme rennin, penicillin, insulin & growth hormone. Animals are used to produce useful protein in their milk to treat diseases such as haemophilia. GMF Maize has been modified to become more resistant to pest Tomatoes have been modified to slow down ripening process Soya bean plants have been made herbicide resistant.

3. STEM CELL RESEARCH Stem cell are cells that capable of dividing and renewing themselves. Scientist hope to use stem cell to generate cells & tissue that can be use to treat injury & diseases. Now the umbilical cord blood cells is used for above objective. 4. DNA FINGERPRINTING A method of comparing samples of DNA by producing a visible pattern rather like a bar code. To identify an individual such as a suspect in criminal activity. To identify genes that cause genetics diseases To test the compatible of potential organ donors with patient 5. HUMAN GENOM PROJECT. A genome is an organism complete set of genes made up of DNA nucleotide bases. The purpose of the project is to detect map, & determine the sequence of all base pairs in the DNA of human genes. Help in treat & prevent human diseases influence by genes

INSULIN PRODUCTION USING RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUE (EX. OF GMO)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Plasmid (Plasma membrane) removed from bacterial cell Gene for the production of insulin removed from the cell (just take out the DNA from Human pancreas cell ) Gene inserted into plasmid recombinant DNA Plasmid put into plasmid free bacterial cell Plasmid replicated as the bacteria divide asexually Produce more insulin.