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Study guide Worksheet Power practice Worksheet PE and KE practice Worksheet PE > KE illustrations Worksheets Net Force and Net Work
Table of contents
Energy
Mechanical Energy
Potential Energy PE
Gravitational PEg
mgh
Elastic PEs
1/2kx 2
Chemical Energy
Mechanical Energy
The energy of an object based on its position or movement (note: heat, light, sound are NOT examples)
gallon of gasoline
AA battery
candy bar
106 6.1x109
pound of coal
1.6 x 107
pound of gasoline
pound of oil
2.2 x 107
2.4 x 107
pound of Uranium-235
ton of coal
3.7 x 1013
3.2 x 1010 7.4 x 1016
ton of Uranium-235
1 Btu
1055 joules
or
778 ftlb
or
252 cal
1 calorie
4.184 joules
1 food Calorie
1000 calories
or
1 kilocalorie
1 hphr
or
0.746 kwh
1 kwh
3.61106 joules
or
3413 Btu
1 eV
1.610-19 joules
Joules. Used for energy in Europe (& for sci and engineering) Kilowatt Hour. Used for electricity energy
British Thermal Unit for heating and cooling
kWh
BTU
Energy Conversions
1. A double Whopper with cheese contains 1150 Calories. How many kilowatt hours of energy does it contain? 2. An air conditioner uses 13600 kilowatt hours during a typical summer day. How much energy does it use in BTUs? 3. Gilligan rides a stationary bike to power an electric generator to run this air conditioner. How many double Whoppers with cheese must he eat to run this air conditioner in the Howells hut for one day?
See answers on next page
Kinetic Energy
(mechanical)
KE = mv
1 2
We often use the symbol KE or MKE instead
Kinetic Energy
How much kinetic energy does this 300 000 ton supertanker have at 10 knots?
Conversions: 2000 lbs/ ton
KE = 1 mv 2 2
1 lb / 4.45 N
(or short cut- 2.2 lb / 1 kg)
Answer: 1 knot/1 nautical mile/h 1 nautical mile/1852 m 3 608 905 728 J (if using 2.2 lb/1kg conversion) 3 598 996 536 J (if using 1lb/4.45 N conversion)
Kinetic energy and momentum both depend on velocity and mass. (However: If
momentum increases then so does kinetic energy but KE increases more because v is squared.)
Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of a gravitational interaction.
PEg = mgh
Elastic Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its elastic displacement
PEs = k
2 x
Ex: The typical car only converts 20% of gasoline energy into motion. Where does the other energy go? Answer: Friction, accessories, & heat
When work is done on an object, its kinetic energy changes Wnet Wext + Wfrict + Ws,g Wext + Wfrict + Ws,g Wext + Wfrict Wext + Wfrict = KE = KE < note that Wfrict will be negative = KE = KE + PE <key formula = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi )
Practice:
http://www.physicscla ssroom.com/Class/en ergy/U5L2b.html
Here is a short cut formula that you can use when there is no friction and no external work on the system then Initial Mechanical Energy = Final Mechanical Energy
Here is how it was derived from earlier formula: Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE 0 +0 = KE + PE 0 = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi ) (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf ) MEi = MEf
50 kg
3000 PEg = ____ J 0
PEg = mgh
3000J = 50kg x 9.8 x 6.1m
KE = ____ J
6.1 m
Referring to the previous slide, what if you didnt know the final KE
and needed to find the final velocity? Here is the solution.
If there is no friction or external force, use this short version.
Wext + Wfrict = KE + PE 0 +0 = KE + PE 0 = (KEf - KEi ) + (PEgf - PEgi ) (KEi + PEgi) = (KEf + PEgf ) 0 + PEgi = mvf2 + 0 3000J = 50kg vf2 vf = 10.95 m/s
This 50 kg box is placed on a frictionless ramp so it initally is 6.1m above the ground. How fast will it be going at the end of the ramp? Hint: Refer to previous two slides.
6.1 m
Note that the length or angle of the ramp doesnt matter. The final velocity is the same as it had been dropped! Thats why folks often use the conservation of energy formulas instead of the acceleration type formulas that we used earlier in this class.
Roller Coasters
Linkhttp://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/m media/energy/ce.html Very good site for checking max KE against PE http://www.funderstanding.com/coaster
K+
Ug
Conservation of energy K + Ug = K + Ug
K +U
Ex: #3 A 2 kg sled is pulled with 30 N of force from a resting position for a distance of 5 m. Friction exerts 10 N of resistance. How fast is it going at the end of this run?
Ex: #4 A 2 kg wagon is pulled by a child with 30 N of force at an angle of 40 degrees above the horizontal. Friction exerts 10 N of force. How fast will it be going at the end of a 5 meter pull? See next page for solutions
Note that these can also be solved using acceleration formulas that we learned earlier in semester.
The work done by force is defined as the product of that force times the parallel distance over which it acts.
Work
W = Fx
Wnet = K
The unit of work is the newton-meter or joule (J)
W = F x
W = (ma) x units Units (kg x m/s/s) x m kg m/s2 x m Nxm
Wnet = K
Wnet = 1/2mv2 - 1/2mv2 kg m/s2 - kg m/s2 kg m/s2 ? See p. 164 holt
K = 1 mv 2 2
W = Fd W = K
Power
Power is the rate of doing work or expending energy.
P=W/t
P = F x / t P = Fv P = KE / t power = force times velocity power = energy / time Quiz everlasting
Rough Values of Power of Various Processes (watts) Solar power in all directions Solar power incident on earth Solar power avg. on U.S. Solar power consumed in photosynthesis U.S. power consumption rate U.S. electrical power 1027 1017 1015 1014 1013 1012
109
105 104 104 104 102 102 102 101
Power P = W/t or P = Fv
Here is another way to look at power: A gallon of gasoline contains 1.3x108 Joules of energy (and can do 1.3x108 Joules of work), but the power produced when we burn it depends on how fast we burn it. For example, this Toyota Echo produces 106 horsepower. This C-130 airplane produces 18,032 hp (13,448 kW)
Power
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/energy/ U5L1a.html Read all of lesson one and do the practice problems. Check your own answers in preparation for a quiz.
1. A ball is thrown vertically at 2.2m/s from the hand of a boy that is 2 meters above the ground. How high will this ball rise above the release point before it starts to fall back to earth? a. 1.67m b. 25.6m c. .25m d. .46m 2. A spring with a force constant of 5.2 N/m dangles from the ceiling and has a relaxed length of 2.45m. When a mass is attached to it, the spring displaces to a length of 3.57m. What is the elastic potential energy in the spring? a. 6.7J b. 2.6J c. 45.6J d. 3.3J 3. A 75 kg grocery cart is pushed a distance of 4.5m. It started from rest and its final speed is 6m/s. How much force was applied to do this? a. 300N b. 150N c. 400N d. 500N 4. A crane raises a 200 N weight from rest to a height of 50 meters in 5 seconds. The crane does work at a rate of ________. a. 8102.3W b. 2816W c. 14080W d. 5718W 5. A 1500 kg dragster accelerates from a stop to a speed of 10 m/s in 3 seconds. How much power does the car produce? a. 25000W b. 4420W c. 35050W d. 6200W 6. A 50 kg orangutan climbs a vine a distance of 5 meters at a constant velocity. If she exerts 200 W during this interval, how long does it take her to climb the rope? a. 18.4s b. 12.3s c. 7.6s d. 14.6s
1. A marble is thrown vertically at 5m/s from a child that is 10 meters above the ground. How high will the marble rise above the childs hand before it starts to fall back towards the Earth? 2. A 2500kg car accelerates from rest to a velocity of 25m/s in 10 seconds. How much power does the car produce?
Answers 1. 1.27 m 2. 78125 W See solutions in Wansleys notebook
Chapter 6
Work, Energy, Power
Energy
Energy is the capacity for doing work. You must have energy to accomplish work - it is like the "currency" for performing work. To do 100 joules of work, you must expend 100 joules of energy. (i.e.The amount of energy transferred to the object is equal to the work done on the object.)
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion. 2 1 2
KE = mv
PE G = mgh
Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only transformed from one kind to another.
Power
Power is the time rate of doing work.
work done by a force AveragePower = time taken todo this work = Force Speed
Work
The amount of energy transferred to the object is equal to the work done.
The work done by force is defined as the product of that force times the parallel distance over which it acts.
W= F cos d
The unit of work is the newton-meter, called a joule (J)
Power
Here is another way to look at power: A liter of gasoline can do a certain amount of work, but the power produced when we burn it can be any amount, depending on how fast we burn it. The liter may produce 50 units of power for half an hour in a car or 90,000 units of power for one second in a plane.
Power
The unit of power is a joule per second, called a Watt (W).
Efficiency