PARAPHRASING & REFERENCING

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism
Chamber Dictionary defines: Plagiarism as ---------- a Theft Plagiarist as ----------- a Thief

Next: Degrees of Plagiarism

Degrees of Plagiarism
1. 1.Paraphrasing [rather than copying actual words] 2. Copying only the portion 3. Copying the whole assignment 4. Copying from single source 5. Copying from unpublished source 6. Same Material /Assignment of two different Students 7. Copying from the web or purchasing from it

Next: Penalties

Penalties
Course work marks at zero All courses are set at zero Student may be rusticated

PARAPHRASING

WHAT IS PARAPHRASING?
is restatement of a text or passage, using mostly your own words explains or clarifies the text more detailed than a summary it preserves the essential meaning of the material being paraphrased One of the three ways, of integrating others ideas in passage. 1. quoting (reproducing the same language used); 2. summarizing (distilling main ideas or gist of the text)

Next: Why Paraphrase

WHY PARAPHRASE?
You are miles away from plagiarism It works your brain! It supports assertions and gives credibility/quality to your work (Duplichecker, n.d.) It helps your audience to understand your write-up more easily as you simplify the ideas and words (Duplichecker, n.d.) Makes your document more concise (Duplichecker, n.d.) The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original (OWL
Material, n.d.)

Improved self efficacy (a belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations (Wikipedia,n.d.))

Original Text
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
From: Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

STEPS TO PARAPHRASING EFFECTIVELY

Change the words

Read the sentence to be paraphrased a number of times and write it out in your own words. Circle the specialized words i.e. the words that the text is actually about. These will need to be included as without these words, the meaning will change completely. Underline keywords that can be changed Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to help if need be.

Example

Change the structure of the paragraph

Read the paragraph and write down the main ideas & concepts . Do not copy down entire sentences. Put the original away. using the main points, and write from memory. Check your version against the original to verify that they are not the same and to see if you have left anything out.

 CIRCLE SPECIALIZED WORDS AND UNDERLINE KEY WORDS THAT CAN BE CHANGED
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.

REPLACE WITH SYNONYMS

o o o o o

Frequently: often Overuse: excessively Only about 10%: down to a desirable level Limit the amount: minimize Exact transcribing: recorded verbatim

Application of Paraphrasing Steps

 NOTE MAIN IDEA & CONCEPTS/ PARAPHRASE SENTENCE BY SENTENCE

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Problem starts during note taking Students often quote excessively in research papers Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Quoted material should be at a desirable level Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Note taking verbatim should be minimized

Application of Paraphrasing Steps

 ARRANGE YOUR SENTENCES IN A FLOW

Students often quote excessively in research papers Quoted material should be at a desirable level Problem starts during note taking Note taking verbatim should be minimized

WRITE FROM MEMORY/ CONSTRUCT SENTENCES INTO A PARAGRAPH

In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 4647).

Application of Paraphrasing Steps

 COMPARE ORIGINAL WITH YOUR VERSION Original text Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. After Paraphrasing In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

Application of Paraphrasing Steps

KEY TO SUCCESS
To become a pro you need to practice and rewrite on a regular basis Paraphrasing is a part of Academic Writing. You can search more material on this to further enhance your skills.

REFERENCING Harvard
Style of Referencing

REFERENCING
Referencing is the acknowledgment of all the sources that you have used to produce your piece of work. It consists of two processes:
Citations and

References

Citations
Whenever you use someone else's ideas, either by putting them into your own words (also called paraphrasing) or quoting directly, you must show that you have done so in the body of your work. This is known as a citation. The format will vary depending on the referencing style you are using, for example in the Harvard style the citation includes brief details of the publication e.g. (John, 1994).

Example:
Various researches highlight reasons due to which challenges are faced during recruitment, including: insufficient experience of employees (Chalmers, 2008), short supply of skilled employees (Cappelli, 2008; Economy Offers, Anon., 2008; Gross & McDonald, 1998; Kreisman, 2002; Trank, et al., 2002) and employees having very high salary expectations which the companies are unable to meet (Chalmers, 2008).

References
At the end of your assignment you will need to provide a list containing the complete details of the sources you have used to write your assignment, these are your references. This means providing full details about the source, for example, the author, date of publication, full title, publishing details etc.

Example:

Anon., 2008. Economy Offers Challenges for Both Employers and Employees. SmartPros [Online]. Available at: http://accounting.smartpros.com/x62994.xml [Accessed 8th September 2008]. Cappelli, P., 2008. Talent Management for the Twenty-First Century. Harvard Business Review, March. Chalmers, P. J., 2008. Spotlight on Recruitment and Retention [Online]. Available at :http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/recruitment/recruitmentretention.htm [Accessed 8th September 2008]. Gross, A., & McDonald, T., 1998. Compensating, Hiring and Retaining Employees in Southeast Asia [Online]. Available from: http://www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp?id=58 [Accessed 7 September 2008]. Kreisman, B. J., 2002. Insights into Employee Motivation, Commitment and Retention. Insights, 1-35 Trank, C. Q., Rynes, S. L., Bretz, R. D., 2002. Attracting Applicants in the War for Talent: Differences in Work Preferences among High Achievers. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 331-345.

BOOKS: Author, Initials/first name.,

Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.
1 Author:
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press. Redman (2006, pp.32-33) states that

3 or 4 Authors
Barker, R. Kirk, J. & Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press Barker, et al., (1988) found that the majority.. OR Recent research has found that the majority of(Barker, et al., 1995)

JOURNAL: Author, Initials., Year. Title

of article. Full Title of Journal .Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.
Author
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64. Perry (2001, pp.63-64) suggests It is suggested that .. (Perry, 2001, pp.63-64)

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES: Author,

Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month. page numbers column line.
Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b. Slapper (2005, p.4b)

ELECTRONIC SOURCES:
Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [Medium] Available at: web site and additional details. [Accessed date].
HRM Guide, 2003. Poor leadership.[Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2005) Available at: http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/performance/poorleadership.htm [Accessed 10 April 2005]. A study at HRM Guide (2003) concludes..

REFERENCES WITH MISSING DETAILS

ca. 1995 no obvious publication date A study (Roger, ca.1991) highlighted. OR Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated OR Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that Anon - author anonymous or not identifiable Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999) reports that s.l. - no place of publication (Latin: sine loco) s.n. - no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)

Exercise 1
o o o o o o o

Paul McKarthy London Leadership & the New Generation Oxford University Press 2nd Edition 2006 Pages: 43-47

Author, Initials/first name., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher. In-text citation

Exercise 2
2008 Title: Effective Communication Skills Accessed: November 10th 2009 Cambridge University http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/ Updated November 9th 2009

Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [Medium] (Updated) Available at: web site and additional details. [Accessed date]. In-text citation

Answer Exercise 1
McKarthy, P., 2006. Leadership & the New Generation. 2nd Ed. London: Oxford University Press. (McKarthy, 2006, pp.43) OR McKarthy (2006, pp.43) states.

Answer Exercise 2
Cambridge University, 2008. Effective Communication Skills. [Online] (Updated November 9th 2009)Available at: http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/[Accessed 10th November 2009]

A study at Cambridge University (2008) states. OR A study (Cambridge University, 2008) concluded.

REFERENCES
Anglia Ruskin University, (n.d.). Harvard System of Referencing Guide. [Online] (Updated 26 May 2009) Available at http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=12#12 [Accessed 8th November 2009] Duplichecker (n.d.). Quoting, Paraphrasing, And Summarizing [Online]. (Updated 2008) Available at: http://www.duplichecker.com/quotingpara.asp [Accessed 8th November 2009]. OWL Materials, (n.d.). Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words [Online] (Updated 15 October 2009). Available at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/ [Accessed 8th November 2009]. Study & Learning Centre (n.d.). Paraphrasing [Online] (Updated 2005). Available at: http://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_WritingSkills/writing_tuts/paraphrase_LL/activit y.html [Accessed 8th November 2009]. Wikipedia, (n.d.). Paraphrase [Online] (Updated 25 October 2009). Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase [Accessed 8th November 2009].