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Chapter 11
Learning Outcomes
Describe the role of meristematic tissue in propagating plants by various asexual methods Outline and discuss the process of plant tissue culture, including the importance of the different hormones involved, and identify the advantages and challenges of plant tissue culture Give specific examples of agricultural and horticultural biotechnology applications, including genetically modified organism (GMO) crops, hydroponics, and plant-made pharmaceuticals Explain how genomic and plasmid DNA can be isolated from cells, including the additional steps required for plant cells Summarize the methods used to produce transgenic plants and explain the selection processes for identifying transformed plant cells
Vocabulary
1. 2.
Which of the following are examples of asexual plant propagation: PTC, selective breeding, stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, or runner? How is length or width added to a plant?
3.
Leaf or stem cuttings must include a least some of what kind of tissue to form new roots?
Vocabulary
Plant growth regulators another name for plant hormones Auxin a plant hormone produced primarily in shoot tips that regulates cell elongation and leaf development Cytokinin a class of hormones that regulates plant cell division
Explants sections or pieces of a plant that are grown in or on sterile plant tissue culture media
Ethylene a plant hormone that regulates fruit ripening and leaf development Abscisic acid a plant hormone that regulates bud development and seed dormancy Phytochrome a pigment that acts like a hormone to control flowering
1. 2.
What is another name for plant hormones? Auxin is responsible for what kind of plant growth regulation? Cytokinin is responsible for what kind of plant growth regulation?
3.
How can a plant tissue culturist know that an explant is beginning to respond to the hormones in the PTC media?
Selective breeding of livestock and plant crops has been practiced for centuries. New techniques are now being applied.
Vocabulary
Agriculture the practice of growing and harvesting animal or plant crops for food, fuel, fibers, or other useful products Horticulture the practice of growing plants for ornamental purposes Inbreeding the breeding of closely related organisms
Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringienses or BT) the bacterium from which the Bt gene
was originally isolated; the Bt gene codes for the production of a compound that is toxic to insects Hydroponics the practice of growing plants in a soil-less, water-based medium Plant-based pharmaceutical (PBP) a human pharmaceutical produced in plants; also called plant-made pharmaceutical (PMP)
1. 2. 3.
What is it called when very closely related animals are bred? Why is it discouraged? Name two advantages of growing plants hydroponically. How are PMPs related to genetically engineered organisms?
Vocabulary
Ti plasmid a plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that is used to carry genes into plants, with the goal that the recipient plants will gain new phenotypes
1. 2.
Which is larger, gDNA or pDNA, and by how much? Plant DNA is difficult to get out of plant cells. List a few tricks used by technicians to isolate plant DNA.
3.
4.
Ti Plasmid. The Ti plasmid has two selection genes on it, NPT II and beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS), so that when it gets into plant cells, the plasmid transfer can be recognized. Cells receiving this plasmid will be able to survive on kanamycin-containing agar (from NPT II expression). They will also be able to convert a white carbohydrate in the medium to a blue color (due to GUS expression), which makes the entire colony blue, allowing the researcher to ascertain successful DNA transfer.
Vocabulary
Transgenic plants plants that contain genes from another species; also called genetically engineered or genetically modified plants NPT II (neomycin phosphotransferase) gene a gene that codes for the production of the enzyme, neomycin phosphotransferase, which gives a cell resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin GUS gene a gene that codes for an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme that breaks down the carbohydrate, X-Gluc, into a blue product
1. 2. 3. 4.
What is the name of the naturally occurring bacterium and the plasmid that can infect plants and transfer DNA molecules? Name at least two selection genes that are used to confirm that Ti plasmid transformation has occurred. How does GUS act as a selection gene? Why are so many plant genetic-engineering experiments conducted with Aradibopsis, even though it has little, if any, economic value?