2 2- - Subkingdom Metazoa Subkingdom Metazoa

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Phylum Platyhelminthes:

This phylum contains the helminthes of lowest organization. The This phylum contains the helminthes of lowest organization. The
great majority of them are flattened from the dorsal to the ventral side, great majority of them are flattened from the dorsal to the ventral side,
hence the common name flatworm. Unlike nearly all other many hence the common name flatworm. Unlike nearly all other many- -
celled animals they have no body no cavity (acoelomate) the organs celled animals they have no body no cavity (acoelomate) the organs
being embedded in a sort of spongy "parenchyma" or packing tissue. being embedded in a sort of spongy "parenchyma" or packing tissue.
Because they have three well Because they have three well- -defined germ layers, they are termed defined germ layers, they are termed
triploblastic. triploblastic.
aracteristics of pum aracteristics of pum
Patemintes: Patemintes:
The members of the phylum either free The members of the phylum either free- -living or parasitic, living or parasitic,
tripobastic acoeomate tripobastic acoeomate animals, i.e. they posses no coelom. animals, i.e. they posses no coelom.
They have soft dorso They have soft dorso- -ventrally flattened and ventrally flattened and biatera smmetrica biatera smmetrica
bodies, i.e. only one median or sagittal section can divide the body bodies, i.e. only one median or sagittal section can divide the body
into two symmetrical halves, definite polarity of on anterior and into two symmetrical halves, definite polarity of on anterior and
posterior ends. posterior ends.
The body muscles are fairly well developed of The body muscles are fairly well developed of circuar circuar and and
ongitudina ongitudina fibers, and share in the formation of the body wall. fibers, and share in the formation of the body wall.
The digestive tract in its simplest from when present consists of a sac The digestive tract in its simplest from when present consists of a sac
or a tube provided with a mouth and without anus. or a tube provided with a mouth and without anus.
The nervous system is very simple, and consist of a pair of The nervous system is very simple, and consist of a pair of
primitive ganglia whish serve as a brain are located in the anterior primitive ganglia whish serve as a brain are located in the anterior
of the worm. With longitudinal nerve cords and connected with of the worm. With longitudinal nerve cords and connected with
transverse nerves. transverse nerves.
The excretory system is essentially formed of basic untles, known The excretory system is essentially formed of basic untles, known
as as fame ces (protonepridia) fame ces (protonepridia) so so- -called from the flame like called from the flame like
fickering of a brush of cilia which keeps up a flow of fluid toward fickering of a brush of cilia which keeps up a flow of fluid toward
the larger branches or tubes, and ultimately to the excretory pore. the larger branches or tubes, and ultimately to the excretory pore.
The have The have no respirator circuator no respirator circuator or or skeeta skeeta systems. systems.
ll but a few of Platyhelminthes are hermaphroditic, as containing ll but a few of Platyhelminthes are hermaphroditic, as containing
complete male and female systems in each individual; in complete male and female systems in each individual; in
tapeworms both systems are usually complete in each segment. tapeworms both systems are usually complete in each segment.
n addition to the ordinary sexual reproduction of the adults, many n addition to the ordinary sexual reproduction of the adults, many
flukes and tapeworms have special asexual methods of flukes and tapeworms have special asexual methods of
multiplication in the course of their life cycles. multiplication in the course of their life cycles.
assification of Patemintes assification of Patemintes
Phylum: Platyhelminthes is divided into five Phylum: Platyhelminthes is divided into five
classes. classes.
lass: Turbellaria lass: Turbellaria
Turbellarians are mostly free Turbellarians are mostly free- -living, creeping worms that combine living, creeping worms that combine
muscular with ciliary movement to a chive locomotion. Unlike other muscular with ciliary movement to a chive locomotion. Unlike other
platy platy- -helminthes classes, they have simple life cycle. helminthes classes, they have simple life cycle.
lass: Monogenea (Monogenetic flukes) lass: Monogenea (Monogenetic flukes)
Monoecious flukes, development direct with single host and Monoecious flukes, development direct with single host and
usually with free usually with free- -swimming, ciliated larva. ll parasitic, mostly on swimming, ciliated larva. ll parasitic, mostly on
skin or gills of fish. skin or gills of fish.
lass: Digenea (digenetic flukes) lass: Digenea (digenetic flukes)
Mostly monoecious, development in Mostly monoecious, development in- -direct, with first host a direct, with first host a
mollusk, final host usually a vertebrate. Mostly endoparasitic in all mollusk, final host usually a vertebrate. Mostly endoparasitic in all
classes of vertebrates. classes of vertebrates.
lass: Aspidogastrea lass: Aspidogastrea
lass: estoda (tapeworms) lass: estoda (tapeworms)
Body usually divided into series of proglottids, no digestive organs. Body usually divided into series of proglottids, no digestive organs.
Usually monoecious. Development in Usually monoecious. Development in- -direct with two or more hosts, direct with two or more hosts,
first host may be vertebrate or invertebrate. Parasitic in digestive first host may be vertebrate or invertebrate. Parasitic in digestive
tract of all classes of vertebrates. tract of all classes of vertebrates.
Structure of a generaized trematode Structure of a generaized trematode
(Source: Introduction to (Source: Introduction to
parasitoog: parasitoog: 1961 1961) )
ife cce of a digenetic fuke ife cce of a digenetic fuke
) ) 1978 1978 (Source: Genera Zooog (Source: Genera Zooog
conomic importance of conomic importance of
patemintes patemintes
Members of class Turbellaria are mainly free Members of class Turbellaria are mainly free- -living, non parasitic living, non parasitic
forms forms which have no significant role in agricultural production. Mean which have no significant role in agricultural production. Mean
while, members of the other classes are considerably animal while, members of the other classes are considerably animal
parasites. Class Monogenea individuals are distinguished as fish parasites. Class Monogenea individuals are distinguished as fish
parasites, mostly ecto parasites, mostly ecto- -parasites on fish skin and gills. parasites on fish skin and gills.
Some are endo Some are endo- -parasites in fish intestine or even in lumen and parasites in fish intestine or even in lumen and
bladder of members of some vertebrates. Class Digenea possess bladder of members of some vertebrates. Class Digenea possess
endo endo- -parasites in liver, lung, blood vessels or intestine of birds and parasites in liver, lung, blood vessels or intestine of birds and
mammals. Members of class Cestoda are mostly parasites in intestine mammals. Members of class Cestoda are mostly parasites in intestine
of man and domestic mammals which also act as intermediate hosts. of man and domestic mammals which also act as intermediate hosts.
1 1- -iver Fukes: iver Fukes:
There are two common species of liver flukes, There are two common species of liver flukes, Fasciola gigantica Fasciola gigantica
and and Fasciola hepatica Fasciola hepatica of Fam.: Fasciolidae; class: Digenea. Both of Fam.: Fasciolidae; class: Digenea. Both
Flukes are fairly similar, yet they can be distinguished by certain Flukes are fairly similar, yet they can be distinguished by certain
morphological anatomical characteristics. n many parts of frica and morphological anatomical characteristics. n many parts of frica and
sia sia F. gigantica F. gigantica is more common, while is more common, while F. hepatica F. hepatica is more is more
common in Europe and ustralia. n Egypt common in Europe and ustralia. n Egypt F. gigantica F. gigantica is a very is a very
common parasite of sheep, goats and cattle. The fluke is most common parasite of sheep, goats and cattle. The fluke is most
prevalent in the northern parts of the Nile Delta. prevalent in the northern parts of the Nile Delta.
Smptoms of Smptoms of Fasciola gigantica Fasciola gigantica
infection: infection:
The liver fluke affects the definitive hosts, as during migration of The liver fluke affects the definitive hosts, as during migration of
the young flukes from the intestine to the live, they produce the young flukes from the intestine to the live, they produce
hemorrhages in the intestinal wall and the liver capsule. lso, the hemorrhages in the intestinal wall and the liver capsule. lso, the
presence of the flukes and their eggs in the liver usually induces presence of the flukes and their eggs in the liver usually induces
development of fibrous tissues replacing the liver cells. Mechanical development of fibrous tissues replacing the liver cells. Mechanical
damage resulted due to the presence of large numbers of the flukes damage resulted due to the presence of large numbers of the flukes
in bile passages. The infected animals usually become anemic due in bile passages. The infected animals usually become anemic due
to the toxic substance produced by the flukes. Jaundice is a to the toxic substance produced by the flukes. Jaundice is a
common appearance of the infected animals. common appearance of the infected animals.
The loss in animals infected with the live flukes is not only due to The loss in animals infected with the live flukes is not only due to
the destruction of infected livers in slaughter the destruction of infected livers in slaughter- -houses, but also to the houses, but also to the
reduction in the reproductively of the diseased animals. reduction in the reproductively of the diseased animals.
The disease weakens the animals, thus devaluating them as a The disease weakens the animals, thus devaluating them as a
source of meat, reduces their production of milk, decreased their source of meat, reduces their production of milk, decreased their
working and breeding activities, and may lead, in severe cases, to working and breeding activities, and may lead, in severe cases, to
serious fatalities in the farm livestock. serious fatalities in the farm livestock.
ife cce of Fascioa gigantica: ife cce of Fascioa gigantica:
Eggs of the flukes leave the host body by traveling with bile Eggs of the flukes leave the host body by traveling with bile
secretions to reach its small intestine, then along the large intestine to secretions to reach its small intestine, then along the large intestine to
leave the host body together with feces. n suitable external leave the host body together with feces. n suitable external
environmental conditions a fully developed embryo, known as the environmental conditions a fully developed embryo, known as the
miracidium, is formed inside the egg in about two weeks. The eggs miracidium, is formed inside the egg in about two weeks. The eggs
then hatch and a ciliated free then hatch and a ciliated free- -living miracidium is liberated living miracidium is liberated
environment is relatively short, being about environment is relatively short, being about 24 24 hours. During this hours. During this
period the miracidium swims for an intermediate host which is the period the miracidium swims for an intermediate host which is the
snail, Limnaea caillaudi. Once the miracidium penetrates the snails' snail, Limnaea caillaudi. Once the miracidium penetrates the snails'
tissues it loses the ciliary covering and develops to the next larval tissues it loses the ciliary covering and develops to the next larval
stage known as sporocyst. stage known as sporocyst.
fter a while, the sporocysts leave the original site of penetration fter a while, the sporocysts leave the original site of penetration
and migrate towards the digestive gland of the snail. Germ cells of the and migrate towards the digestive gland of the snail. Germ cells of the
sporocysts divide parthenogenically to give the next. Larval stage sporocysts divide parthenogenically to give the next. Larval stage
which is called the redia. n each sporocyst about which is called the redia. n each sporocyst about 8 8 rediae are rediae are
produced. nside the body of redia there are clusters of germ cells produced. nside the body of redia there are clusters of germ cells
which may divide parthenogenically to give a second generation of which may divide parthenogenically to give a second generation of
rediae known as daughter rediae, which leave the body of the mother rediae known as daughter rediae, which leave the body of the mother
rediae through a lateral pore situated anteriorly known as the birth rediae through a lateral pore situated anteriorly known as the birth
pore. Then, the germ cells in either the mother or daughter radia divide pore. Then, the germ cells in either the mother or daughter radia divide
parthenogencally producing the next larval stage known as the parthenogencally producing the next larval stage known as the
cercaria. The cercaria has a disc cercaria. The cercaria has a disc- -shaped body and a long simple tail. shaped body and a long simple tail.
The cercariae leave the body of the redia through the birth bore and The cercariae leave the body of the redia through the birth bore and
leave out of the snail's body to the surrounding water. Emergence of leave out of the snail's body to the surrounding water. Emergence of
the cercariae from infected snails usually starts the cercariae from infected snails usually starts 5 5- -6 6 weeks after the weeks after the
miracidium penetration. miracidium penetration.
Then, the released cercariae swim and encyst on water vegetation Then, the released cercariae swim and encyst on water vegetation
given the metacercaria. The latter are the infective stage of the liver given the metacercaria. The latter are the infective stage of the liver
fluke which remain viable for several months. When the final hosts fluke which remain viable for several months. When the final hosts
(cattle, sheep; goats) eat aquatic vegetation infestedwith the (cattle, sheep; goats) eat aquatic vegetation infestedwith the
metacercariae they lose their cysts by the host's digestive enzymes. metacercariae they lose their cysts by the host's digestive enzymes.
The release young flukes normally reach the liver by burrowing through The release young flukes normally reach the liver by burrowing through
into the abdominal cavity and entering from the surface, but into the abdominal cavity and entering from the surface, but
occasionally they get into the circulation and may be distributed to occasionally they get into the circulation and may be distributed to
abnormal locations. The flukes bore into the liver parenchyma on the abnormal locations. The flukes bore into the liver parenchyma on the
second to six day after infection but do not enter the bile passages until second to six day after infection but do not enter the bile passages until
the seventh or eight week. The flukes live mainly on blood and become the seventh or eight week. The flukes live mainly on blood and become
mature in about mature in about 10 10 weeks. Egg production begins in about weeks. Egg production begins in about 3 3 months months
and lasts several years. The fluke is capable of producing and lasts several years. The fluke is capable of producing 3 3..000 000 eggs eggs
per day and this may continue for about per day and this may continue for about 8 8- -11 11 years. years.
%reatment and Prevention: %reatment and Prevention:
1 1- - Using effective chemical therapy to infected animals gives god Using effective chemical therapy to infected animals gives god
results for eliminating the disease. results for eliminating the disease.
2 2- - Destruction of the snails that serve as intermediate hosts. Destruction of the snails that serve as intermediate hosts.
3 3- - solation of the infected animals in clean and dry pens. solation of the infected animals in clean and dry pens.
4 4- - ntroducing clean and disinfested foods to the animals. ntroducing clean and disinfested foods to the animals.
5 5- - Preventing animals of drinking or feeding on aquatic vegetations Preventing animals of drinking or feeding on aquatic vegetations
grown on river's or canal's banks. grown on river's or canal's banks.
2 2- - Bood fukes: (Scistosomes) Bood fukes: (Scistosomes)
These flukes live in blood vessels of certain vertebrates including These flukes live in blood vessels of certain vertebrates including
birds and mammals. They are dioeceous as both males and birds and mammals. They are dioeceous as both males and
females are found separate. Schistsomiases or bilharziasis are the females are found separate. Schistsomiases or bilharziasis are the
common name of the disease induced by the blood flukes. common name of the disease induced by the blood flukes.
Man and his domestic animals are severely affected by several Man and his domestic animals are severely affected by several
species of schistsomes. Three species are mainly reported for man: species of schistsomes. Three species are mainly reported for man:
$chistosoma haematobium, $. mansoni $chistosoma haematobium, $. mansoni and and $. japonicum. $. japonicum. n Egypt n Egypt
the earlier two species are present, while the last one occurs only in the earlier two species are present, while the last one occurs only in
some countries of South East sia. some countries of South East sia. $. hoematobium $. hoematobium induces urinary induces urinary
schistosomisiasis, where the worms are usually located in the pelvic schistosomisiasis, where the worms are usually located in the pelvic
vesicle venous plexus and its eggs are passed out in urine. vesicle venous plexus and its eggs are passed out in urine. $. $.
mansoni mansoni, and , and $. japonicum $. japonicum induce intestinal schistosomisiasis. dults induce intestinal schistosomisiasis. dults
of both species are usually found in the mesenteric veins, and the of both species are usually found in the mesenteric veins, and the
eggs are voided in the feces of host. eggs are voided in the feces of host.
Many Many $chistosoma $chistosoma species are reported in domestic animals. species are reported in domestic animals.
$chistosoma bovis $chistosoma bovis is the most common species infects cattle, sheep is the most common species infects cattle, sheep
and goats. Parasitic behaviour of such species resembles that of and goats. Parasitic behaviour of such species resembles that of $. $.
mansoni. mansoni.
Smptoms of scistosomias caused Smptoms of scistosomias caused
b b $ bovis $ bovis in catte: in catte:
1 1 Excretion of blood and mucus in the feces accompanied by Excretion of blood and mucus in the feces accompanied by
diarrhea, abdominal pain, and enlargement of liver and spleen. diarrhea, abdominal pain, and enlargement of liver and spleen.
2 2 rritation in intestinal walls due to infection leads to losing appetite rritation in intestinal walls due to infection leads to losing appetite
and anemic disorder. and anemic disorder.
3 3 The infected animals lose vitality and become exhausted. The infected animals lose vitality and become exhausted.
4 4 Blocking of small blood vessels due to the existence of worms Blocking of small blood vessels due to the existence of worms
and eggs. and eggs.
ife cce of ife cce of $ bovis: $ bovis:
The females of The females of $. bovis $. bovis lays eggs in the small branches of the lays eggs in the small branches of the
mesenteric veins. The eggs then make their way through the vessels mesenteric veins. The eggs then make their way through the vessels
and mucosa of the intestine and finally into the lumen along with and mucosa of the intestine and finally into the lumen along with
formed stage, the miracidium which resembles that of liver fluke, except formed stage, the miracidium which resembles that of liver fluke, except
it is smaller and lacks the eye it is smaller and lacks the eye- -spots. The miracidia have a short life spots. The miracidia have a short life
span in water ( span in water (24 24- -36 36 hours) and they die if they do not find the proper hours) and they die if they do not find the proper
intermediate snail, which is usually intermediate snail, which is usually Bulinus contotus. Bulinus contotus.
The miracidia swim and penetrate into the snail tissues. Then, they The miracidia swim and penetrate into the snail tissues. Then, they
lose their cilia and transferred to sporocysts. Daughter sporocysts are lose their cilia and transferred to sporocysts. Daughter sporocysts are
also formed as in case of liver fluked. The germ cells inside the also formed as in case of liver fluked. The germ cells inside the
daughter sorocysts divide repeatedly to give the next larval stage, the daughter sorocysts divide repeatedly to give the next larval stage, the
cercariae. The cercariae leave the sporocysts and then the snail to the cercariae. The cercariae leave the sporocysts and then the snail to the
surrounding water. The cercaria has a pear surrounding water. The cercaria has a pear- -shaped body and a long shaped body and a long
forked tail and the whole body is covered with minute spines. forked tail and the whole body is covered with minute spines.
The cercariae swim in water and live about The cercariae swim in water and live about 48 48 hours before finding hours before finding
the final host after they die in the absence of the host. When they find the final host after they die in the absence of the host. When they find
the suitable host in the proper time, they penetrate the host's skin the suitable host in the proper time, they penetrate the host's skin
goining inside the body leaving their tails outside. They young flukes goining inside the body leaving their tails outside. They young flukes
are then migrated to the lymphatic or peripheral blood vessels along are then migrated to the lymphatic or peripheral blood vessels along
to the heart and then to the lungs. Then, the flukes migrate to the liver to the heart and then to the lungs. Then, the flukes migrate to the liver
where they enter the blood vessels of the portal system. The where they enter the blood vessels of the portal system. The
developing flukes eventually reach sexual maturity in developing flukes eventually reach sexual maturity in 4 4- -5 5 weeks and weeks and
them leave the liver after coupling occurs. The coupled worms travel them leave the liver after coupling occurs. The coupled worms travel
against the blood stream until they reach the mesenteric veins. The against the blood stream until they reach the mesenteric veins. The
period between cercarial penetration and the appearance of eggs in period between cercarial penetration and the appearance of eggs in
feces is about feces is about 50 50- -60 60 days. days.
%reatment and Prevention %reatment and Prevention: :
1 1- - Chemical and mechanical destruction of the intermediate hosts. Chemical and mechanical destruction of the intermediate hosts.
2 2- - t is necessary to prevent the host animals from drinking and t is necessary to prevent the host animals from drinking and
swimming in canals. swimming in canals.
3 3- - solation of the infected animals and introduce proper mediation solation of the infected animals and introduce proper mediation
to them. to them.
4 4- - Raising and keeping the animals in clean pens. Raising and keeping the animals in clean pens.
different species of different species of schistosoma schistosoma
Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoni mansoni
Schistosoma Schistosoma aematobium aematobium
Schistosoma Schistosoma aponicum aponicum
Tese species tat infected man ell Tese species tat infected man ell
studg te life cycle of studg te life cycle of schistosoma schistosoma bovis tat bovis tat
infectedcos. infectedcos.
generaized generaized B B
ife cce of scistosoma spp ife cce of scistosoma spp
(dapted from tet book (dapted from tet book
) ) 1981 1981 of zooog of zooog
3 3- - %apeworms (%e estoda): %apeworms (%e estoda):
Several species of the tapeworms have described. However, the Several species of the tapeworms have described. However, the
beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata and the pork tapeworm, beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata and the pork tapeworm, %aenia %aenia
solium solium are commonly known all over the world. Cattle and pigs are are commonly known all over the world. Cattle and pigs are
the intermediate hosts of the intermediate hosts of %. saginata %. saginata and and %. solium %. solium, respectively. , respectively.
There are slight morphological differences between the two species. There are slight morphological differences between the two species.
The first species is longer than the later, and they are normally found The first species is longer than the later, and they are normally found
in the middle third of the intestine of man, whereas, the bladder worm in the middle third of the intestine of man, whereas, the bladder worm
or cysticercus localized in the muscles of the heart, diaphragm, or cysticercus localized in the muscles of the heart, diaphragm,
shoulder, tongue, etc. life cycle of both species is quite similar. shoulder, tongue, etc. life cycle of both species is quite similar.
Smptoms of Smptoms of % saginata % saginata and and
infection: infection:
aa in the intermediated host: in the intermediated host:
1 1 The presence of the cysticerci in the muscles of the intermediate The presence of the cysticerci in the muscles of the intermediate
hosts in large numbers becomes harmful specially when present in hosts in large numbers becomes harmful specially when present in
vital organs like heart and brain. vital organs like heart and brain.
2 2 The intermediate host animals have exhausted appearance. The intermediate host animals have exhausted appearance.
3 3 When the eggs of the worms are ingested by man, they can develop When the eggs of the worms are ingested by man, they can develop
into cysticerci. into cysticerci.
b b n the final host: n the final host:
1 1- - The adult worm has large size that occupies of the human intestine. The adult worm has large size that occupies of the human intestine.
ccordingly the digestive and absorptive processes become ccordingly the digestive and absorptive processes become
disturbed. disturbed.
2 2- - The worm consumes large amount of the digested food found in The worm consumes large amount of the digested food found in
intestine of the host leading to weakness and losing weight. intestine of the host leading to weakness and losing weight.
3 3- - The worm excrete poisonous metabolites which may be absorbed in The worm excrete poisonous metabolites which may be absorbed in
the blood and cause cetain systemic complications. the blood and cause cetain systemic complications.
ife cce of ife cce of %aenia %aenia sp: sp:
%aeina solium or %. saginata %aeina solium or %. saginata related to: Fam. Taeniidae; related to: Fam. Taeniidae;
order, Cyclopyliidae, class, Cestoda. order, Cyclopyliidae, class, Cestoda.
The infected man with a pork or beef (according to parasite The infected man with a pork or beef (according to parasite
species) tapeworm expels ripe segments, singly or in short species) tapeworm expels ripe segments, singly or in short
chains almost every day each segment contains about chains almost every day each segment contains about 100 100..00 00
eggs. These eggs break out when the segments (proglottids) eggs. These eggs break out when the segments (proglottids)
disintegrate. disintegrate.
The eggs are spherical and have a thin transparent The eggs are spherical and have a thin transparent
outer envelope and a thick lamellated shell know as the outer envelope and a thick lamellated shell know as the
embryo pore. Within this shell there is an oncosphere embryo pore. Within this shell there is an oncosphere
(hexacanth embryo) which has six delicate lancet (hexacanth embryo) which has six delicate lancet- -shapped shapped
hooklets. hooklets.
When the eggs are ingested by a suitable animal When the eggs are ingested by a suitable animal
(normally, cattle, pork), the oncospheres are liberated bore (normally, cattle, pork), the oncospheres are liberated bore
through the intestinal wall, and make their way, via blood or through the intestinal wall, and make their way, via blood or
lymph channels, usually to the muscles or meat. They lymph channels, usually to the muscles or meat. They
especially favor the tongue, neck heat, and shoulder muscles. especially favor the tongue, neck heat, and shoulder muscles.
Having arrived at their destination they grow into bladder Having arrived at their destination they grow into bladder
worms or cysticerci named worms or cysticerci named sticercus cellulosae sticercus cellulosae. .
The cysticercus has a small head like that of the adult The cysticercus has a small head like that of the adult
worm ivaginated into a fluid worm ivaginated into a fluid- -filled bladder. Pork containing filled bladder. Pork containing
theses larvae is called ''measly pork or measly beef''. theses larvae is called ''measly pork or measly beef''.
When cysticerci in pork are eaten by man, their walls When cysticerci in pork are eaten by man, their walls
are digested in the stomach, and the liberated larvae are digested in the stomach, and the liberated larvae
pass to the duodenum where the scloex are evaginated pass to the duodenum where the scloex are evaginated
and the bladders disintegrate. The larvae then migrate to and the bladders disintegrate. The larvae then migrate to
the middle third of the intestine, the scloex of each larva the middle third of the intestine, the scloex of each larva
gets hold of the intestinal wall and start to grow to gets hold of the intestinal wall and start to grow to
maturity in about maturity in about 2 2 or or 3 3 months. months.
%reatment and Prevention: %reatment and Prevention:
1 1 Chemical treatment by using drugs that expel the Chemical treatment by using drugs that expel the
tapeworms from the final host. tapeworms from the final host.
2 2 Destruction of the measly meat in the slaughterhouses. Destruction of the measly meat in the slaughterhouses.
3 3 Prevention of eating raw or imperfectly cooked beef or pork. Prevention of eating raw or imperfectly cooked beef or pork.
-'--' -'--'
-- // ,'-' -- ---=-' -- ;=- ,'-' -- ---=-' -- ;=-
2011/2012