Optical Networks

Introduction

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Why Optical?
Bandwidth Low cost ($0.30/yard) Extremely low error rate (10-12 vs. 10-6 for copper Low signal attenuation Low power requirement More secure

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History
1st Generation: Copper is transmission medium 2nd Generation: Optical Fiber (late 80s) Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM, 1994)
Higher data rates; longer link lengths

3rd Generation: Intelligent optical networking (1999)

Routing and signaling for optical paths

Fiber exhaust forces DWDM Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) lower DWDM transmission cost

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Medium Characteristics
Attenuation:
Wavelength dependent 0.85, 1.3, 1.55 micron windows Attenuation caused by impurities as well as scattering

Dispersion
Inter-modal Chromatic

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

All the bandwidth could not be used due to the electronic bottleneck Two breakthroughs
WDM Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)

WDM vs. FDM

WDM is passive and hence reliable WDM carrier frequency orders of magnitude higher

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Frequency-registered transmitters Receivers
All-Optical Amplification Of Multi-Wavelength Signal!!!

l1

R R

l2
l3
WDM Mux

OA

OA

WDM DeMux

40 - 120 km (80 km typically)

lN
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Up to 10,000 km (600 km in 2001 basic commercial products)

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Regenerators
3R

2R

Reshaping Re-clocking Amplification Reshaping Amplification Amplification

1R (Example EDFA)

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DWDM Evolution
Faster (higher speed per wave), Thicker (more waves),
40 Gb/s on the horizon
160 waves possible today

Longer (link lengths before regeneration) 160 waves at 10 Gb/s = 1.6 Tb/s
25 million simultaneous phone calls 5 million books per minute

A few thousand km possible today

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WADMs & WXC

WADM (Wave Add-Drop Mux)
WXC (Wave crossconnect)

Evolution from p-t-p Can add and drop traffic at various locations Similar to ADM except that multiple fibers on the input side with the capability to switch colors between fibers

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Enabling Technologies
Fiber and laser technology EDFA MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) Opaque vs. all-optical networks

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Current Protocol Stack

IP ATM SONET

WDM

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How Did We Get Here?

SONET over WDM Conventional WDM deployment is using SONET as standard interface to higher layers IP over ATM IP packets need to be mapped into ATM cells before transporting over WDM using SONET frame OEO conversions at every node is easier to build than all optical switch

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Problems with Multilayer

Inefficient In IP over ATM over SONET over WDM network, 22% bandwidth used for protocol overhead Layers often do not work in concert Every layer now runs at its own speed. So, low speed devices cannot fill the wavelength bandwidth. Under failure, different layers compete for protection

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The Roadmap

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WDM
Network Architecture

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Classes of WDM Networks

Broadcast-and-select Wavelength routed Linear lightwave

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Broadcast-and-Select

Passive
Coupler

w0 w1

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Wavelength Routed
An OXC is placed at each node End users communicate with one another through lightpaths, which may contain several fiber links and wavelengths Two lightpaths are not allowed to have the same wavelength on the same link.

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WRN (contd)
Wavelength converter can be used to convert a wavelength to another at OXC Wavelength-convertible network.
Wavelength converters configured in the network A lightpath can occupy different wavelengths

Wavelength-continuous network
A lightpath must occupy the same wavelength

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A WR Network
H I G J A F B
l3 SONET l 1 l2 OXC

O IP

l1

l2 l1

E
C L

l1

IP
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Linear Lightwave Networks

Granularity of switching in wave bands Complexity reduction in switches Inseparability
Channels belonging to the same waveband when combined on a single fiber cannot be separated within the network

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Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA)

To establish a lightpath, need to determine:

RWA problem can be divided into two subproblems: Static vs. dynamic lightpath establishment
Routing Wavelength assignment A route Corresponding wavelengths on the route

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Static Lightpath Establishment (SLE)

Suitable for static traffic Traffic matrix and network topology are known in advance Objective is to minimize the network capacity needed for the traffic when setting up the network Compute a route and assign wavelengths for each connection in an off-line manner

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Dynamic Lightpath Establishment (DLE)

Suitable for dynamic traffic Traffic matrix is not known in advance while network topology is known Objective is to maximize the network capacity at any time when a connection request arrives at the network

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Routing
Fixed routing: predefine a route for each lightpath connection Alternative routing: predefine several routes for each lightpath connection and choose one of them Exhaust routing: use all the possible paths

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Wavelength Assignment
For the network with wavelength conversion capability, wavelength assignment is trivial For the network with wavelength continuity constraint, use heuristics

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Wavelength Assignment under Wavelength Continuity Constraint First-Fit (FF) Least-Used (LU) Most-Used (MU) Max_Sum (MS) Relative Capacity Loss (RCL)

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First-Fit
All the wavelength are indexed with consecutive integer numbers The available wavelength with the lowest index is assigned

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Least-Used and Most-Used

Least-Used
Record the usage of each wavelength Pick up a wavelength, which is least used before, from the available wavelength pool

Most-Used
Record the usage of each wavelength Pick up a wavelength, which is most used before, from the available wavelength pool

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Max-Sum and RCL

Fixed routing MAX_SUM Chooses the wavelength, such that the decision will minimize the capacity loss or maximize the possibility of future connections. RCL will choose the wavelength which minimize the relative capacity loss.

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